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editing: man-db-manual.ps

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(Fo)72 535.8 S 2.836(ra).15 G 2.836(na)-2.836 G -.18(rg)-2.836 G .336(u\
ment to be interpreted as a section name rather than a page name, it mu\
st either be).18 F .336(gin with a digit, or be)-.15 F .085
(included in the standard section list.)72 547.8 R .085(The def)5.085 F
.085(ault section list is de\214ned in)-.1 F F2(include/mancon\214g)
2.595 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .085(to be)2.865 F F0(1)2.585 E F1(,)A F0(n)2.585 E
F1(,)A F0(l)2.585 E F1(,)A F0(8)2.585 E F1(,)A F0(3)2.585 E F1(,)A F0(2)
2.585 E F1(,)A F0(5)2.585 E F1(,)A F0(4)72 559.8 Q F1(,)A F0(9)2.862 E
F1(,)A F0(6)2.862 E F1(and)2.862 E F0(7)2.862 E F1 5.362(.T)C .362
(his should be modi\214ed in order and content to meet the local con)
-5.362 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.862(ntions. It).15 F .363
(may be altered at run-)2.862 F(time using the)72 571.8 Q F0(SECTION)2.5
E F1(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.5(nt).15 G
(he man\255db con\214guration \214le.)-2.5 E(Ev)72 588 Q .408(ery subdi\
rectory section name in the entire system must be in the list, includin\
g sections found in imported man-)-.15 F .032(ual page hierarchies.)72
600 R .033(It is not necessary to list sections with e)5.032 F .033
(xtensions unless a special ordering for those e)-.15 F(xtensions)-.15 E
.394(is desired.)72 612 R .394
(The order is important because in normal operation,)5.394 F F0(man)
2.894 E F1 .393(will only display the \214rst manual page it \214nds)
2.894 F .505(that meets the search criteria. Using the)72 624 R F0
<adad616c6c>3.006 E F1(ar)3.006 E .506(gument will cause)-.18 F F0(man)
3.006 E F1 .506(to attempt to display all manual pages that)3.006 F
(meet the criteria. See)72 636 Q F0(man)2.5 E F1
($1$ for further information.)A(Ha)72 652.2 Q(ving an e)-.2 E
(xcess of sections listed will not slo)-.15 E(w)-.25 E F0(man)2.5 E F1
(do)2.5 E(wn.)-.25 E F0 2.5(2.2.2. Specifying)72 676.2 R(an extension)
2.5 E F1(If the section is unkno)72 692.4 Q(wn, b)-.25 E
(ut the package e)-.2 E(xtension is, it is possible to use the e)-.15 E
(xtension ar)-.15 E(gument)-.18 E 97 701.1 97 711.1 DL(man \255e foo e)
98.666 708.6 Q(xit)-.15 E 163.312 701.1 163.312 711.1 DL 102 701.1 97
701.1 DL 103.312 701.1 98.312 701.1 DL 108.312 701.1 103.312 701.1 DL
113.312 701.1 108.312 701.1 DL 118.312 701.1 113.312 701.1 DL 123.312
701.1 118.312 701.1 DL 128.312 701.1 123.312 701.1 DL 133.312 701.1
128.312 701.1 DL 138.312 701.1 133.312 701.1 DL 143.312 701.1 138.312
701.1 DL 148.312 701.1 143.312 701.1 DL 153.312 701.1 148.312 701.1 DL
158.312 701.1 153.312 701.1 DL 163.312 701.1 158.312 701.1 DL 102 711.1
97 711.1 DL 103.312 711.1 98.312 711.1 DL 108.312 711.1 103.312 711.1 DL
113.312 711.1 108.312 711.1 DL 118.312 711.1 113.312 711.1 DL 123.312
711.1 118.312 711.1 DL 128.312 711.1 123.312 711.1 DL 133.312 711.1
128.312 711.1 DL 138.312 711.1 133.312 711.1 DL 143.312 711.1 138.312
711.1 DL 148.312 711.1 143.312 711.1 DL 153.312 711.1 148.312 711.1 DL
158.312 711.1 153.312 711.1 DL 163.312 711.1 158.312 711.1 DL F0(5)303.5
756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(to search in all sections for manual pages named)72 96 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(it).2 E F1(from package)3.18 E F2(foo)
4.47 E F1(.).18 E F0(6)303.5 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E 2.5(3. Filesystem)72 96 R(structur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E 2.5
(3.1. Manual)72 120 R(page hierar)2.5 E(chies)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0
SF .541(It is often common for manual page systems to ha)72 136.2 R .841
-.15(ve m)-.2 H .54(ore than one manual page hierarch).15 F 4.34 -.65
(y. I)-.05 H .54(ndeed one of the sys-).65 F(tems I use has the follo)72
148.2 Q(wing globally accessible hierarchies)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(/usr/man)97 164.4 Q(/usr/local/man)97 176.4 Q(/usr/local/te)97 188.4
Q(x/man)-.2 E(/usr/local/pbm/man)97 200.4 Q(/usr/X11R6/man)97 212.4 Q
(/usr/openwin/man)97 224.4 Q(/usr/local/pac)97 236.4 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge)
-.1 G(s/pvm/man).1 E F1 3.35(Af)72 252.6 S .85(ull system)-3.35 F/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF($)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F1 -.1(wo)3.1 G .85
(uld be a colon separated list of these directories.).1 F .851
(The order is important, and is ob-)5.851 F(serv)72 264.6 Q .823
(ed by man\255db')-.15 F 3.323(ss)-.55 G .823(earch algorithms.)-3.323 F
.823(The order is v)5.823 F .822(ery much related to the user')-.15 F(s)
-.55 E F3($)3.322 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1(en)3.072 E .822
(vironment v)-.4 F(ariable,)-.25 E
(and should be set on a per user basis, or not set at all.)72 276.6 Q
(If a user')5 E(s)-.55 E F3($)2.5 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1(causes)
2.25 E F2(/usr/local/pac)98.15 292.8 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge)-.1 G
(s/bin/foobar).1 E F1(to be e)72 309 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in preference to).15 E F2(/usr/bin/foobar)98.15 325.2 Q F1(,).73
E(it is essential that)72 341.4 Q .4 LW 97 350.1 97 360.1 DL(man foobar)
98.666 357.6 Q 146.152 350.1 146.152 360.1 DL 102 350.1 97 350.1 DL
106.152 350.1 101.152 350.1 DL 111.152 350.1 106.152 350.1 DL 116.152
350.1 111.152 350.1 DL 121.152 350.1 116.152 350.1 DL 126.152 350.1
121.152 350.1 DL 131.152 350.1 126.152 350.1 DL 136.152 350.1 131.152
350.1 DL 141.152 350.1 136.152 350.1 DL 146.152 350.1 141.152 350.1 DL
102 360.1 97 360.1 DL 106.152 360.1 101.152 360.1 DL 111.152 360.1
106.152 360.1 DL 116.152 360.1 111.152 360.1 DL 121.152 360.1 116.152
360.1 DL 126.152 360.1 121.152 360.1 DL 131.152 360.1 126.152 360.1 DL
136.152 360.1 131.152 360.1 DL 141.152 360.1 136.152 360.1 DL 146.152
360.1 141.152 360.1 DL(displays the manual page located within)72 373.8
Q F2(/usr/local/pac)98.15 390 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge)-.1 G(s/man).1 E F1
(rather than within)72 406.2 Q F2(/usr/shar)98.15 422.4 Q(e/man)-.37 E
F1 1.87 -.8(To e)72 438.6 T .27(nsure correct order).8 F 2.77(,t)-.4 G
.27(he program)-2.77 F F0(manpath)2.77 E F1 .27(may be used to set the)
2.77 F F3($)2.771 E F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(en)2.521 E
.271(vironment v)-.4 F 2.771(ariable. See)-.25 F F0(man-)2.771 E(path)72
450.6 Q F1($1$ and)A F0(manpath)2.5 E F1($5$ for details.)A F0 2.5
(3.2. Setting)72 474.6 R(the MANP)2.5 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1
(If using a Bourne style login shell such as)72 490.8 Q F0(bash)2.5 E F1
(,)A F0(ksh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F0(zsh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C
(he commands)-2.5 E -.15(ex)97 507 S(port MANP).15 E -1.11(AT)-.92 G(H)
1.11 E(MANP)97 519 Q -1.11(AT)-.92 G(H=`manpath \255q`)1.11 E
(can be added to)72 535.2 Q F4($HOME)2.5 E F2(/.pr)1.15 E(o\214le)-.45 E
F1(If using a C style login shell such as)72 551.4 Q F0(csh)2.5 E F1(or)
2.5 E F0(tcsh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he commands)-2.5 E(seten)97 567.6 Q 2.5
(vM)-.4 G(ANP)-2.5 E -1.11(AT)-.92 G 2.5(H`)1.11 G(manpath \255q`)-2.5 E
(can be added to)72 583.8 Q F4($HOME)2.5 E F2(/.lo)1.15 E(gin)-.1 E F1
(N.B.)72 600 Q F3($)5.071 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1 .071
(must be set prior to using)2.321 F F0(manpath)2.57 E F1 5.07(.T)C .07
(he setting of)-5.07 F F3($)2.57 E F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E
F1 .07(is actually unnecessary as the man\255db)2.32 F
(utilities will dynamically determine the manpath if)72 612 Q F3($)2.5 E
F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(is unset.)2.25 E F0 2.5
(3.3. Determination)72 636 R(of the inter)2.5 E(nal manpath)-.15 E F1
.142(All man\255db utilities,)72 652.2 R F0(manpath)2.642 E F1 .142
(included, will use the user')2.642 F(s)-.55 E F3($)2.642 E F4(MANP)A
-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(en)2.392 E .142(vironment v)-.4 F .142
(ariable if set and not equal to)-.25 F 2.775("". Otherwise)72 664.2 R
.275(the user')2.775 F(s)-.55 E F3($)2.775 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1
(en)2.525 E .275(vironment v)-.4 F .275(ariable is queried.)-.25 F .274
(If this is unset or is set to "", the determined man-)5.275 F
(path will simply be an)72 676.2 Q(y)-.15 E F0(MAND)97 692.4 Q -.78 -.95
(AT O)-.35 H -.35(RY).95 G(_MANP).35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1
(elements de\214ned in the man\255db con\214g \214le.)72 708.6 Q F0(7)
303.5 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .857(Assuming that a)72 96 R/F2 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF($)3.357 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E
F1 -.15(ex)3.107 G .857(ists, each path element it contains is scanned \
for in the con\214g \214le.).15 F .858(If found, the corre-)5.858 F
1.059(sponding manpath element is appended to the internal manpath.)72
108 R(Ho)6.058 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.858 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.558(ft)
.4 G 1.058(he element is not mentioned in the)-3.558 F .267
(con\214g \214le, a man directory relati)72 120 R .567 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
2.767(oi).15 G 2.767(tw)-2.767 G .267(ill be sought.)-2.767 F .267
(The subdirectories)5.267 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(../man)2.997 E F1(,)
.24 E F4(man)3.147 E F1(,).24 E F4(../shar)2.997 E(e/man)-.37 E F1 2.767
(,o).24 G(r)-2.767 E F4(shar)3.108 E(e/man)-.37 E F1(relati)72 132 Q
1.147 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.347(ot).15 G .847
(he path component are appended to the internal manpath if the)-3.347 F
3.346(ye)-.15 G 3.346(xist. Finally)-3.496 F 3.346(,t)-.65 G .846
(he internal manpath is)-3.346 F .352
(stripped of duplicate paths before being processed by the)72 144 R F0
(NLS)2.852 E F1 .352(and `Other OS' routines.)2.852 F .352
(These may add to or mod-)5.352 F(ify the separate path elements gi)72
156 Q(ving priority to)-.25 E F0(NLS)2.5 E F1
(manual pages or add OS-relati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H(anpaths.).15 E
F0 2.5(3.4. Other)72 180 R(OS')2.5 E 2.5(sm)-.37 G(anual pages)-2.5 E F1
.262(It is common to ha)72 196.2 R .562 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .262
(ollections of heterogeneous computer systems link).15 F .262
(ed together in a netw)-.1 F 2.761(ork. In)-.1 F .261(some circum-)2.761
F(stances)72 210.2 Q/F5 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)-4 I F1 .546(it is adv)
3.046 4 N .546(antageous to be able to access the manual pages of these\
 other systems directly from your system.)-.25 F .559
(This feature is kno)72 222.2 R .559(wn as alternate system support.)
-.25 F .559(The accepted w)5.559 F .559
(ay to setup this support is to NFS mount the re-)-.1 F(specti)72 234.2
Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(ystems' manual page hierarchies under the nati).15
E .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H(anual page hierarchies.).15 E(An e)5 E(xample:)
-.15 E .4 LW 379.93 254.9 232.07 254.9 DL 13.77(System Manual)237.07
264.4 R(page hierarch)2.5 E(y)-.05 E 379.93 268.9 232.07 268.9 DL 12.5
(<local> /usr/share/man)237.07 278.4 R(ne)237.07 290.4 Q 14.03
(wOS /usr/share/man/ne)-.25 F(wOS)-.25 E 18.78
(userix /usr/share/man/userix)237.07 302.4 R 12.5
(<local> /usr/local/man)237.07 314.4 R(ne)237.07 326.4 Q 14.03
(wOS /usr/local/man/ne)-.25 F(wOS)-.25 E 18.78
(userix /usr/local/man/userix)237.07 338.4 R 379.93 342.9 232.07 342.9
DL 275.29 254.9 275.29 342.9 DL 379.93 254.9 379.93 342.9 DL 232.07
254.9 232.07 342.9 DL(Rather than ha)72 366.6 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ulti\
ple NFS mounts from a single machine, this may be accomplished by NFS m\
ounting).15 E F4(<other)96.66 382.8 Q(-sys>:/usr)-.2 E F1(some)72 399 Q
.757(where on the local system and using symbolic links within the manu\
al hierarchies.)-.25 F 2.357 -.8(To a)5.757 H .757(ccess these).8 F F4
(alternate)3.587 E(systems)72 411 Q F1(using)2.77 E F0(man)2.5 E F1
(use the)2.5 E F0<ad6d>2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F0(\255\255systems)2.5 E F1
(option, e)2.5 E(g.)-.15 E 97 419.7 97 429.7 DL
(man \255\255all \255\255systems userix:ne)98.666 427.2 Q(wOS 5 passwd)
-.25 E 285.132 419.7 285.132 429.7 DL 102 419.7 97 419.7 DL 105.132
419.7 100.132 419.7 DL 110.132 419.7 105.132 419.7 DL 115.132 419.7
110.132 419.7 DL 120.132 419.7 115.132 419.7 DL 125.132 419.7 120.132
419.7 DL 130.132 419.7 125.132 419.7 DL 135.132 419.7 130.132 419.7 DL
140.132 419.7 135.132 419.7 DL 145.132 419.7 140.132 419.7 DL 150.132
419.7 145.132 419.7 DL 155.132 419.7 150.132 419.7 DL 160.132 419.7
155.132 419.7 DL 165.132 419.7 160.132 419.7 DL 170.132 419.7 165.132
419.7 DL 175.132 419.7 170.132 419.7 DL 180.132 419.7 175.132 419.7 DL
185.132 419.7 180.132 419.7 DL 190.132 419.7 185.132 419.7 DL 195.132
419.7 190.132 419.7 DL 200.132 419.7 195.132 419.7 DL 205.132 419.7
200.132 419.7 DL 210.132 419.7 205.132 419.7 DL 215.132 419.7 210.132
419.7 DL 220.132 419.7 215.132 419.7 DL 225.132 419.7 220.132 419.7 DL
230.132 419.7 225.132 419.7 DL 235.132 419.7 230.132 419.7 DL 240.132
419.7 235.132 419.7 DL 245.132 419.7 240.132 419.7 DL 250.132 419.7
245.132 419.7 DL 255.132 419.7 250.132 419.7 DL 260.132 419.7 255.132
419.7 DL 265.132 419.7 260.132 419.7 DL 270.132 419.7 265.132 419.7 DL
275.132 419.7 270.132 419.7 DL 280.132 419.7 275.132 419.7 DL 285.132
419.7 280.132 419.7 DL 102 429.7 97 429.7 DL 105.132 429.7 100.132 429.7
DL 110.132 429.7 105.132 429.7 DL 115.132 429.7 110.132 429.7 DL 120.132
429.7 115.132 429.7 DL 125.132 429.7 120.132 429.7 DL 130.132 429.7
125.132 429.7 DL 135.132 429.7 130.132 429.7 DL 140.132 429.7 135.132
429.7 DL 145.132 429.7 140.132 429.7 DL 150.132 429.7 145.132 429.7 DL
155.132 429.7 150.132 429.7 DL 160.132 429.7 155.132 429.7 DL 165.132
429.7 160.132 429.7 DL 170.132 429.7 165.132 429.7 DL 175.132 429.7
170.132 429.7 DL 180.132 429.7 175.132 429.7 DL 185.132 429.7 180.132
429.7 DL 190.132 429.7 185.132 429.7 DL 195.132 429.7 190.132 429.7 DL
200.132 429.7 195.132 429.7 DL 205.132 429.7 200.132 429.7 DL 210.132
429.7 205.132 429.7 DL 215.132 429.7 210.132 429.7 DL 220.132 429.7
215.132 429.7 DL 225.132 429.7 220.132 429.7 DL 230.132 429.7 225.132
429.7 DL 235.132 429.7 230.132 429.7 DL 240.132 429.7 235.132 429.7 DL
245.132 429.7 240.132 429.7 DL 250.132 429.7 245.132 429.7 DL 255.132
429.7 250.132 429.7 DL 260.132 429.7 255.132 429.7 DL 265.132 429.7
260.132 429.7 DL 270.132 429.7 265.132 429.7 DL 275.132 429.7 270.132
429.7 DL 280.132 429.7 275.132 429.7 DL 285.132 429.7 280.132 429.7 DL
-.1(wo)72 443.4 S .7(uld pro).1 F .7(vide manual pages sho)-.15 F .7
(wing the structure of)-.25 F F4(/etc/passwd)4.349 E F1 .699(on systems)
3.969 F F0(userix)3.199 E F1(and)3.199 E F0(newOS)3.199 E F1 .699
(in that order)3.199 F 5.699(.A)-.55 G .296(manual page w)72 455.4 R
(ould)-.1 E F4(not)3.156 E F1 .296
(be displayed about the local systems con)3.476 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.796
(ntions. Please).15 F .297(read the rele)2.796 F -.25(va)-.25 G .297
(nt man\255db utility').25 F(s)-.55 E
(manual page for further and more speci\214c information.)72 467.4 Q F0
2.5(3.5. NLS)72 491.4 R(manual pages)2.5 E F1 .098(NLS manual pages sho\
uld be installed in NLS subdirectories of a standard manual page hierar\
ch)72 507.6 R 3.897 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .097(he subdirectory).65 F .517
(names should be made up of language, territory)72 519.6 R 3.018(,a)-.65
G .518
(nd character set components as necessary to specify the locale of)
-3.018 F(the manual page.)72 531.6 Q .835(The character set component d\
escribes the encoding of the manual page itself, and not the encoding i\
n use by the)72 547.8 R .387(user; a manual page installed under the)72
559.8 R F0(fr)2.887 E(.UTF-8)-1 E F1 .387
(subdirectory will be used in the)2.887 F F0(fr_FR.ISO-8859-1)2.887 E F1
.387(locale as well)2.887 F(as)72 571.8 Q F0(fr_FR.UTF-8)2.805 E F1
2.805(,a)C .305(nd con)-2.805 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .305
(rted between encodings as necessary).15 F 5.305(.I)-.65 G 2.805(fn)
-5.305 G 2.805(oc)-2.805 G .305
(haracter set is speci\214ed in the subdirectory)-2.805 F .388(name, ma\
n\255db will attempt to detect whether each page is encoded using UTF-8\
 or a le)72 583.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .689 -.15(cy c).05 H .389
(haracter set appropri-).15 F 1.814(ate for the language.)72 595.8 R
(Accordingly)6.813 E 4.313(,t)-.65 G 1.813
(he recommended scheme for installing manual pages is to encode them in)
-4.313 F .53(UTF-8 $or)72 607.8 R 3.03(,i)-.4 G 3.03(ft)-3.03 G .53
(hat is not practical, in the le)-3.03 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .83 -.15(cy c)
.05 H .53(haracter set$ and install them in directories).15 F F4
(without)3.37 E F1 3.03(ac)3.71 G .53(haracter set)-3.03 F
(component in their names.)72 619.8 Q 1.579(The territory should normal\
ly be omitted unless it is necessary to describe the manual page te)72
636 R 4.078(xt. F)-.15 F 1.578(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E .399(Brazilia\
n Portuguese is quite distinct from Portuguese and so should be install\
ed under the)72 648 R F0(pt_BR)2.899 E F1(subdirectory)2.899 E 2.899(,b)
-.65 G(ut)-3.099 E 2.507(as)72 660 S .007
(ingle German manual page will typically suf)-2.507 F .006
(\214ce in Austria as well as in German)-.25 F 2.506(ya)-.15 G .006
(nd so should be installed under)-2.506 F(the)72 672 Q F0(de)2.5 E F1
(subdirectory)2.5 E(.)-.65 E .32 LW 76 681.6 72 681.6 DL 80 681.6 76
681.6 DL 84 681.6 80 681.6 DL 88 681.6 84 681.6 DL 92 681.6 88 681.6 DL
96 681.6 92 681.6 DL 100 681.6 96 681.6 DL 104 681.6 100 681.6 DL 108
681.6 104 681.6 DL 112 681.6 108 681.6 DL 116 681.6 112 681.6 DL 120
681.6 116 681.6 DL 124 681.6 120 681.6 DL 128 681.6 124 681.6 DL 132
681.6 128 681.6 DL 136 681.6 132 681.6 DL 140 681.6 136 681.6 DL 144
681.6 140 681.6 DL 148 681.6 144 681.6 DL 152 681.6 148 681.6 DL 156
681.6 152 681.6 DL 160 681.6 156 681.6 DL 164 681.6 160 681.6 DL 168
681.6 164 681.6 DL 172 681.6 168 681.6 DL 176 681.6 172 681.6 DL 180
681.6 176 681.6 DL 184 681.6 180 681.6 DL 188 681.6 184 681.6 DL 192
681.6 188 681.6 DL 196 681.6 192 681.6 DL 200 681.6 196 681.6 DL 204
681.6 200 681.6 DL 208 681.6 204 681.6 DL 212 681.6 208 681.6 DL 216
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2.745 F .524(cat \214le is ne)72 605 R .524(wer w)-.25 F .524
(ould sometimes cause)-.1 F F0(man)3.024 E F1 .523
(to display an out-of-date cat \214le in this case, when it should ha)
3.023 F .823 -.15(ve r)-.2 H(e-).15 E
(formatted the manual \214le instead.)72 617 Q .32 LW 76 678.4 72 678.4
DL 80 678.4 76 678.4 DL 84 678.4 80 678.4 DL 88 678.4 84 678.4 DL 92
678.4 88 678.4 DL 96 678.4 92 678.4 DL 100 678.4 96 678.4 DL 104 678.4
100 678.4 DL 108 678.4 104 678.4 DL 112 678.4 108 678.4 DL 116 678.4 112
678.4 DL 120 678.4 116 678.4 DL 124 678.4 120 678.4 DL 128 678.4 124
678.4 DL 132 678.4 128 678.4 DL 136 678.4 132 678.4 DL 140 678.4 136
678.4 DL 144 678.4 140 678.4 DL 148 678.4 144 678.4 DL 152 678.4 148
678.4 DL 156 678.4 152 678.4 DL 160 678.4 156 678.4 DL 164 678.4 160
678.4 DL 168 678.4 164 678.4 DL 172 678.4 168 678.4 DL 176 678.4 172
678.4 DL 180 678.4 176 678.4 DL 184 678.4 180 678.4 DL 188 678.4 184
678.4 DL 192 678.4 188 678.4 DL 196 678.4 192 678.4 DL 200 678.4 196
678.4 DL 204 678.4 200 678.4 DL 208 678.4 204 678.4 DL 212 678.4 208
678.4 DL 216 678.4 212 678.4 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)93.6 689.2 Q/F6
8/Times-Roman@0 SF(cat \214les that ha)2 3.2 M .24 -.12(ve n)-.16 H 2
(os).12 G(ource manual page, i.e. the)-2 E 2(yc)-.12 G
(annot be recreated.)-2 E F0(11)301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E 2.5(4. Compr)72 96 R(ession)-.18 E 2.5(4.1. Compr)72 120 R
(essed manual pages)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .679
(It is possible to maintain a system of compressed manual pages.)72
136.2 R .68(This imposes a small o)5.68 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .68
(rhead on the formatting).15 F(process, b)72 148.2 Q(ut is ne)-.2 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(rtheless usually reasonable in order to a).15 E -.2(vo)-.2 G
(id unnecessary consumption of disk space.).2 E(Presently)72 164.4 Q
2.863(,t)-.65 G .363(he compression e)-2.863 F .363
(xtension/decompressor pairs must be kno)-.15 F .363
(wn at compile time although an)-.25 F 2.862(yn)-.15 G .362(umber may)
-2.862 F(be de\214ned and used.)72 176.4 Q(The follo)5 E
(wing structure is prede\214ned in man\255db:)-.25 E .4 LW 367.38 197.1
244.62 197.1 DL 12.5(Extension Decompressor)249.62 206.6 R 367.38 211.1
244.62 211.1 DL 43.06(gz gzip)249.62 220.6 R(\255dc)2.5 E 50.56(zg)
249.62 232.6 S(zip \255dc)-50.56 E 48.89(Zc)249.62 244.6 S
(ompress \255dc)-48.89 E 367.38 249.1 244.62 249.1 DL 297.12 197.1
297.12 249.1 DL 367.38 197.1 367.38 249.1 DL 244.62 197.1 244.62 249.1
DL .247(It is a relati)72 272.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .248
(ly easy operation to include further pairs in this structure.).15 F
(See)5.248 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(lib/compr)2.838 E(ession.c)-.37 E
F1 .248(for details and an e)3.058 F(x-)-.15 E(ample.)72 284.8 Q .001(S\
upport for compressed manual pages is compiled into the man\255db utili\
ties by def)72 301 R(ault, depending on the decompres-)-.1 E(sors a)72
313 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable at con\214gure time.).25 E F0 2.5(4.2. Compr)
72 337 R(essed cat pages)-.18 E F1 .596
(man\255db compresses cat \214les by def)72 353.2 R 3.096(ault. During)
-.1 F(con\214guration,)3.096 E F0(con\214gur)3.096 E(e)-.18 E F1 .596
(will try to \214nd)3.096 F F0(gzip)3.096 E F1 .596
(and, if found, all cat)3.096 F(\214les produced by)72 365.2 Q F0(man)
2.5 E F1(will be compressed with)2.5 E F0(gzip \2557c)97 381.4 Q F1
(and ha)72 397.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.2 H F0(.gz)2.65 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(tension appended.).15 E(If)5 E F0(gzip)2.5 E F1(is not found,)2.5 E F0
(compr)97 413.8 Q(ess \255c)-.18 E F1
(is used as the compressor and the e)72 430 Q(xtension)-.15 E F0(.Z)2.5
E F1(is appended.)2.5 E 1.906 -.8(To s)72 446.2 T .306
(tore cat \214les in an uncompressed state and to disable compressed e)
.8 F .305(xtension processing completely)-.15 F 2.805(,e)-.65 G(dit)
-2.805 E F2(con\214g)3.005 E(.h)-.15 E F1(and comment out the follo)72
458.2 Q(wing line)-.25 E(#de\214ne COMP_CA)72 474.4 Q 2.5(T1)-1.11 G F0
2.5(4.2.1. Stray)72 490.6 R(cats)2.5 E F1(Normally)72 506.8 Q(,)-.65 E
F0(man)2.988 E F1 .488(will only look for cat \214les with the def)2.988
F .488(ault compression e)-.1 F 2.988(xtension. The)-.15 F(def)2.988 E
.489(ault compression e)-.1 F(xten-)-.15 E .742
(sion is dependent on the def)72 518.8 R .741(ault compressor and may b\
e an empty string if the support for compressed cats is dis-)-.1 F
(abled.)72 530.8 Q .711(It is possible for a system to be supplied with\
 stray cat \214les located in the traditional cat page hierarch)72 547 R
4.512 -.65(y. T)-.05 H 3.212(om)-.15 G(ak)-3.212 E(e)-.1 E .232
(matters w)72 559 R .232(orse, the)-.1 F 2.732(ym)-.15 G .232(ay ha)
-2.732 F .532 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .232(ompression e).15 F .232
(xtensions other than the def)-.15 F .232
(ault and reside on read-only media.)-.1 F .231(In such)5.231 F 1.373
(circumstances, stray cat \214les will be accepted with an)72 571 R
3.874(yc)-.15 G 1.374(ompression e)-3.874 F 1.374
(xtension that is also supported for manual)-.15 F(pages.)72 583 Q 1.142
(This special treatment of stray cat pages is remo)72 599.2 R -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.642(di).15 G 3.642(fs)-3.642 G 1.141
(upport for compressed manual pages is turned of)-3.642 F 3.641(fo)-.25
G 3.641(rn)-3.641 G(ot)-3.641 E -.2(av)72 611.2 S(ailable.)-.05 E F0(12)
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E 2.5(5. F)72 96 R(ormatting)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(As already pointed out in the introduction, there are tw)72 112.2 Q 2.5
(op)-.1 G(rimary formatters common to)-2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(UNIX)
2.5 E F1(:)A F2(NR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(TR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E
F1(.)A .299(In the follo)72 128.4 R .299
(wing sections, I will use the term)-.25 F F2(TR)2.8 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .3
(to describe the typesetter formatter and)2.8 F F2(NR)2.8 E(OFF)-.27 E
F1 .3(to describe the)2.8 F(type)72 140.4 Q(writer formatter)-.25 E 5
(.T)-.55 G(he term)-5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.36(RO)2.5 G(FF).36 E F1
(will be used to describe a generic formatter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F0(5.1.)72
164.4 Q F2(GR)5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.767(If using the)72 180.6 R F2(GR)
4.267 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.767(package, there is a further choice,)4.267 F
F2(GR)4.266 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 4.266(itself. Essentially)4.266 F(,)-.65 E
F2(GR)4.266 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.766(forms a pipeline of)4.266 F .768
(processors including)72 192.6 R F2(TR)3.268 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .769
(and an output processor which translates the ditrof)3.268 F 3.269(fp)
-.25 G .769(roduced by)-3.269 F F2(TR)3.269 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .769
(into the ap-)3.269 F 1.395(propriate output format.)72 204.6 R 1.395
(The def)6.395 F 1.395(ault output format, or de)-.1 F 1.394(vice, for)
-.25 F F2(GR)3.894 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.394(is PostScript.)3.894 F(An)6.394
E 1.394(ything else must be)-.15 F(speci\214ed using the de)72 216.6 Q
(vice ar)-.25 E 2.5(gument. T)-.18 F 2.5(oi)-.8 G(llustrate)-2.5 E F2
(GR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he command)-2.5 E .4 LW 97 225.3 97
235.3 DL(grof)98.666 232.8 Q 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(Tdvi /de)-2.5 E(v/null)-.25
E 184.912 225.3 184.912 235.3 DL 102 225.3 97 225.3 DL 104.912 225.3
99.912 225.3 DL 109.912 225.3 104.912 225.3 DL 114.912 225.3 109.912
225.3 DL 119.912 225.3 114.912 225.3 DL 124.912 225.3 119.912 225.3 DL
129.912 225.3 124.912 225.3 DL 134.912 225.3 129.912 225.3 DL 139.912
225.3 134.912 225.3 DL 144.912 225.3 139.912 225.3 DL 149.912 225.3
144.912 225.3 DL 154.912 225.3 149.912 225.3 DL 159.912 225.3 154.912
225.3 DL 164.912 225.3 159.912 225.3 DL 169.912 225.3 164.912 225.3 DL
174.912 225.3 169.912 225.3 DL 179.912 225.3 174.912 225.3 DL 184.912
225.3 179.912 225.3 DL 102 235.3 97 235.3 DL 104.912 235.3 99.912 235.3
DL 109.912 235.3 104.912 235.3 DL 114.912 235.3 109.912 235.3 DL 119.912
235.3 114.912 235.3 DL 124.912 235.3 119.912 235.3 DL 129.912 235.3
124.912 235.3 DL 134.912 235.3 129.912 235.3 DL 139.912 235.3 134.912
235.3 DL 144.912 235.3 139.912 235.3 DL 149.912 235.3 144.912 235.3 DL
154.912 235.3 149.912 235.3 DL 159.912 235.3 154.912 235.3 DL 164.912
235.3 159.912 235.3 DL 169.912 235.3 164.912 235.3 DL 174.912 235.3
169.912 235.3 DL 179.912 235.3 174.912 235.3 DL 184.912 235.3 179.912
235.3 DL(will form the follo)72 249 Q(wing pipeline)-.25 E(trof)97 265.2
Q 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(Tdvi /de)-2.5 E(v/null | grodvi)-.25 E(If)72 281.4 Q
F2(GR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(is tied to)2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1 -.55('s)C F0
<ad54>3.05 E F1(option, it is still possible for)2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1
(to produce ditrof)2.5 E 2.5(fv)-.25 G(ia use of the)-2.5 E F0<ad5a>2.5
E F1(option.)2.5 E(In)72 297.6 Q F2(GR)3.176 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(1.09,)3.176
E F2(NR)3.176 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .676(is b)3.176 F .676
(undled as a shell script that calls)-.2 F F2(GR)3.176 E(OFF)-.27 E F1
3.176(,w)C .676(hich in turn calls)-3.176 F F2(TR)3.176 E(OFF)-.27 E F1
.677(with the def)3.177 F(ault)-.1 E(options)72 309.6 Q F0<ad57>2.5 E
(all \255mtty-char \255T)-.65 E(ascii)-.92 E F1 2.5(,p)C
(assing the result through)-2.5 E F0(gr)2.5 E(otty)-.18 E F1
(before it \214nally reaches the screen.)2.5 E .342(It is imperati)72
325.8 R .642 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .342
(hat the script does not pass pre-processing options to).15 F F2(GR)
2.841 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.441 -.55('s c)D .341(ommand line as).55 F F0
(man)2.841 E F1(tak)2.841 E .341(es care of)-.1 F(this separately)72
337.8 Q(.)-.65 E F0 2.5(5.2. De)72 361.8 R(vices)-.15 E F1(Both)72 378 Q
F2(NR)3.597 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and)3.597 E F2(GR)3.597 E(OFF)-.27 E F1
1.098(may allo)3.597 F 3.598(wo)-.25 G 1.098(utput de)-3.598 F 1.098
(vice selection.)-.25 F 1.098(As mentioned pre)6.098 F(viously)-.25 E
3.598(,c)-.65 G(lassic)-3.598 E F2(NR)3.598 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(produces)
3.598 E .74(output suitable for a type)72 390 R .74(writer de)-.25 F
.739(vice, classic)-.25 F F2(TR)3.239 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .739
(produces output suitable for a)3.239 F F0(C/A/T)3.239 E F1(and)3.239 E
F2(GR)3.239 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(produces)3.239 E
(output suitable for a PostScript interpreting de)72 402 Q(vice by def)
-.25 E(ault.)-.1 E F0 2.5(5.3. Macr)72 426 R(os)-.18 E F1 .121
(There are se)72 442.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3 -.36(RO)2.621 G(FF)
.36 E F1 .121(macro sets in e)2.621 F .122
(xistence that are suitable for manual pages.)-.15 F(Unfortunately)5.122
E 2.622(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.622 E 2.622(yt)-.15 G .122(end to be in-)-2.622
F(compatible with each other)72 454.2 Q(.)-.55 E .81
(During con\214guration,)72 470.4 R F0(con\214gur)3.31 E(e)-.18 E F1
.809
(will attempt to determine a suitable macro set for the local system')
3.31 F 3.309(sm)-.55 G .809(anual page)-3.309 F 2.5(collection. It)72
482.4 R(attempts to use)2.5 E F2(NR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(with the follo)
2.5 E(wing three macro packages:)-.25 E 439.45 503.1 172.55 503.1 DL
(macro package)177.55 512.6 Q(macro \214lename)15 E(nrof)58.04 E 2.5(fc)
-.25 G(ommand)-2.5 E 439.45 517.1 172.55 517.1 DL 48.87
(andoc tmac.andoc)177.55 526.6 R(or andoc.tmac)2.5 E(nrof)15 E 2.5<66ad>
-.25 G(mandoc)-2.5 E 63.31(an tmac.an)177.55 538.6 R(or an.tmac)2.5 E
(nrof)43.88 E 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(man)-2.5 E 58.31(doc tmac.doc)177.55 550.6
R(or doc.tmac)2.5 E(nrof)33.88 E 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(mdoc)-2.5 E 439.45
555.1 172.55 555.1 DL 365.27 503.1 365.27 555.1 DL 245.3 503.1 245.3
555.1 DL 439.45 503.1 439.45 555.1 DL 172.55 503.1 172.55 555.1 DL 1.041
(The \214rst that succeeds is used.)72 578.8 R(The)6.041 E F0(andoc)
3.541 E F1 1.042
(macro set is suitable for manual pages written using either)3.541 F F0
(an)3.542 E F1(or)3.542 E F0(doc)3.542 E F1(macro commands, b)72 590.8 Q
(ut not a combination of both.)-.2 E F0 2.5(5.4. Pr)72 607 R(e-f)-.18 E
(ormat pr)-.25 E(ocessors $pr)-.18 E(e-pr)-.18 E(ocessors$)-.18 E F1
(Manual pages may require pre-processing by an)72 623.2 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E .4 LW 381.135 88.5 230.865 88.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.5
(Program ID Pre-processes)235.865 98 R 381.135 102.5 230.865 102.5 DL
32.5(eqn e)235.865 112 R(equations)21.11 E 36.38(tbl t)235.865 124 R
(tables)22.77 E 29.17(grap g)235.865 136 R(graphs)20.55 E 34.72(pic p)
235.865 148 R(pictures)20.55 E 28.07(refer r)235.865 160 R 2.5(Ab)22.22
G(ibliograph)-2.5 E(y)-.05 E 20.83(vgrind v)235.865 172 R
(program listings)20.55 E 381.135 176.5 230.865 176.5 DL 303.355 88.5
303.355 176.5 DL 277.805 88.5 277.805 176.5 DL 381.135 88.5 381.135
176.5 DL 230.865 88.5 230.865 176.5 DL .491
(It is possible to assign a def)72 200.2 R .491(ault pre-processor list\
 that all manual pages will be passed through prior to the primary)-.1 F
(formatter)72 212.2 Q 5.004(.B)-.55 G 2.504(yd)-5.004 G(ef)-2.504 E .004
(ault, this is empty)-.1 F 5.004(.T)-.65 G 2.504(od)-5.804 G .004
(e\214ne a def)-2.504 F .004(ault list, edit)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(include/mancon\214g)2.515 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .005
(and un-comment the follo)2.785 F(wing)-.25 E(line)72 224.2 Q
(/* #de\214ne DEF)72 240.4 Q -.55(AU)-.74 G -.92(LT).55 G(_MANR).92 E 5
(OFFSEQ "t")-.4 F(*/)2.5 E(which will enable)72 256.6 Q F0(tbl)2.5 E F1
(processing by def)2.5 E 2.5(ault. T)-.1 F 2.5(oc)-.8 G
(hange the list, replace the)-2.5 E F0(t)2.5 E F1
(with a suitable string of processor ID')2.5 E(s.)-.55 E .098
(Pre-process options may be pro)72 272.8 R .097(vided at run time in v)
-.15 F .097(arious forms, b)-.25 F .097
(ut in general the pre-processors required by each)-.2 F(manual page is\
 indicated in the \214rst line of the manual page itself.)72 284.8 Q
(See)5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1($1$ for details.)A .4(If a manual page does \
not contain a pre-processor string in its \214rst line, it will be scan\
ned for well-kno)72 301 R(wn)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.36(RO)2.9 G
(FF).36 E F1(re-)2.901 E .837
(quests used to pass input to certain pre-processors.)72 313 R .836
(Thus, the pre-processor string is often unnecessary for correct)5.836 F
(output, b)72 325 Q(ut should ne)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rtheless be included for ef).15 E(\214cienc)-.25 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F0
2.5(5.5. F)72 349 R(ormat scripts)-.25 E F1 .171(It is v)72 365.2 R .171
(ery lik)-.15 F .171(ely that alternate systems manual pages may requir\
e non-standard macro packages or possibly e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.672
(ns).15 G(pe-)-2.672 E(cial pre-processors.)72 377.2 Q 1.6 -.8(To t)5 H
(ackle such problems, special format scripts may be created on a per ma\
nual hierarch).8 E 2.5(yb)-.05 G(asis.)-2.5 E(If the \214le)72 393.4 Q
F2(<manual_hier)96.66 409.6 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>/mandb_nfmt).15
E F1 -.15(ex)72 425.8 S .338(ists and is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cutable, it is e).15 F .338
(xpected to be able to correctly format a manual page originating from)
-.15 F F2(<manual_hier)2.497 E(-)-.2 E(ar)72 437.8 Q -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>)
.15 E F1(to its standard output.)2.5 E
(It will be supplied with either tw)5 E 2.5(oo)-.1 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(hree ar)-2.5 E(guments:)-.18 E 2.5<836d>112 454 S
(anual page \214lename)-2.5 E 2.5<8370>112 466 S(re-processor string)
-2.5 E 2.5<836f>112 478 S(utput de)-2.5 E(vice $optional$)-.25 E
(Similarly)72 494.2 Q 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he option)-2.5 E F0
<ad54>2.5 E F2(<de)-.34 E(vice>)-.15 E F1(or)2.5 E F0<ad74>2.5 E F1 -.1
(wa)2.5 G 2.5(ss).1 G(upplied to)-2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1(and the \214le)
2.5 E F2(<manual_hier)96.66 510.4 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G
(y>/mandb_tfmt).15 E F1 -.15(ex)72 526.6 S(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cutable, it will be used in the same w).15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
.921(An e)72 542.8 R .921(xample of such a script, supplied by Markus A\
rmbruster <armbru@pond.sub)-.15 F(.or)-.4 E .922(g>, who pro)-.18 F .922
(vided support for)-.15 F -.15(ex)72 554.8 S
(ternal formatter scripts, can be found as).15 E F2
(tools/mandb_fmt\255script)2.63 E F1 .093
(The script can be used as both an)72 571 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(NR)
2.593 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and)2.593 E F4(TR)2.593 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(/)A F4(GR)
A(OFF)-.27 E F1 .093(format script and can be installed as)2.593 F F2
(mandb_nfmt)2.972 E F1(and)3.272 E(hard link)72 583 Q(ed to)-.1 E F2
(mandb_tfmt)2.88 E F1
(after modi\214cation appropriate for your particular site.)3.18 E F0
(14)301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E 2.5(6. The)72 96 R(index database caches)2.5 E/F1 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF .516(As mentioned in the introduction, man\255db uses\
 database lookups to search for manual page locations and informa-)72
112.2 R 2.5(tion. When)72 124.2 R
(performing a manual page lookup or a basic)2.5 E F0(whatis)2.5 E F1
(search, the databases are searched in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1
(ke)97 140.4 S(y)-.2 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>2.5 E F2(content)2.5 E F1 .297
(mode and are as f)72 156.6 R .296
(ast as the underlying databases can be.)-.1 F .296(When performing)
5.296 F F0(apr)2.796 E(opos)-.18 E F1 .296(or special)2.796 F F0(whatis)
2.796 E F1 .296(searches, the)2.796 F .341
(databases are searched in a linear w)72 168.6 R(ay)-.1 E 2.841(,w)-.65
G .341(hich, although f)-2.841 F .341(ar more e)-.1 F(xpensi)-.15 E .641
-.15(ve t)-.25 H(han).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.841 G(yed)-.2 E F1 .341
(lookup, is no w)3.611 F .341(orse than tra-)-.1 F(ditional te)72 180.6
Q(xt based \214le searching.)-.15 E F0 2.5(6.1. index)72 204.6 R
(database location)2.5 E F1 .562(The databases are al)72 220.8 R -.1(wa)
-.1 G .562(ys located at the root of the cat page hierarch).1 F 1.862
-.65(y, w)-.05 H .562(hether this is the same as the manual page).65 F
(hierarch)72 232.8 Q 2.526(yo)-.05 G 2.526(rn)-2.526 G 2.526(ot. As)
-2.526 F .026(\214le locking mechanisms are emplo)2.526 F .026
(yed to ensure that concurrent processes do not update a data-)-.1 F
.699(base simultaneously)72 244.8 R 3.199(,i)-.65 G 3.199(ti)-3.199 G
3.199(sa)-3.199 G .698(lmost imperati)-3.199 F .998 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
.698(hat the databases reside on a local \214lesystem since \214le lock\
ing across).15 F 1.61(NFS \214lesystems may be una)72 256.8 R -.25(va)
-.2 G 1.61(ilable or \215ak).25 F 5.411 -.65(y. T)-.15 H 4.111(oa)-.15 G
-.2(vo)-4.311 G 1.611(id such problems,).2 F F0(man)4.111 E F1 1.611
(can be compiled without database)4.111 F(maintenance support.)72 268.8
Q(See the section titled "Modes of operation" for details.)5 E F0 2.5
(6.1.1. Manual)72 292.8 R(hierar)2.5 E(chies with no index database)-.18
E F1 1.197(It is possible for the man\255db utilities to operate withou\
t aid from an inde)72 309 R 3.697(xd)-.15 G 3.697(atabase. Under)-3.697
F 1.197(such circumstances,)3.697 F 1.129(search methods will use only \
\214le globbing and whatis type searches are performed on an)72 321 R
3.63(yt)-.15 G 1.13(raditional whatis te)-3.63 F(xt)-.15 E
(databases that may e)72 333 Q 2.5(xist. Only)-.15 F
(the traditional cat hierarch)2.5 E 2.5(yi)-.05 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(earched for cat \214les.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(6.1.2. User)72 357 R
(manual page hierar)2.5 E(chies)-.18 E F1 2.811(Au)72 373.2 S .311
(ser may ha)-2.811 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .611 -.15(ny n).15 H .31
(umber of personal manual page hierarchies listed in their).15 F/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF($)2.81 E/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F1 5.31(.B)C 2.81(yd)-5.31 G(ef)-2.81 E(ault,)-.1 E F0(man)
2.81 E F1(will)2.81 E(maintain)72 385.2 Q F0(mandb)2.59 E F1 .09
(created databases at the root of user manual page hierarchies.)2.59 F
.091(The de\214nition of a user manual hier)5.091 F(-)-.2 E(arch)72
397.2 Q 2.5(yi)-.05 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(hat it does not ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve a)-.2 H 2.5(ne).15 G(ntry in the man\255db con\214guration \214le.)
-2.5 E(See)5 E F0(manpath)2.5 E F1($5$ for details.)A F0 2.5
(6.2. Contents)72 421.2 R(of an index database)2.5 E F1
(There are four kinds of entry in an inde)72 437.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(atabase.)-2.5 E 12.5($1$ A)77 453.6 R .218(direct entry re)2.718 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G .218(rding a particular manual page.).05 F .218
(Manual pages that are unique in terms of name use just a)5.218 F
(single entry in the database and can be look)103.66 465.6 Q
(ed up by simply using the name as the k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E
12.5($2$ A)77 481.8 R .533(common name inde)3.033 F 3.034(xe)-.15 G
.534(ntry that lists the e)-3.034 F .534
(xtensions of all of the manual pages sharing the common inde)-.15 F(x)
-.15 E .38(entry name.)103.66 493.8 R .38
(Manual pages that share common names b)5.38 F .379(ut ha)-.2 F .679
-.15(ve d)-.2 H(if).15 E .379(fering e)-.25 F .379(xtensions each ha)
-.15 F .679 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .379(ingle data-).15 F .215(base entry)
103.66 505.8 R 2.715(,b)-.65 G .215(ut this time the)-2.915 F 2.715(ya)
-.15 G .215(re look)-2.715 F .215(ed up with a k)-.1 F .515 -.15(ey c)
-.1 H .215(omprised of their name and their e).15 F 2.715(xtension. The)
-.15 F(en-)2.715 E .274
(tire set of common named pages also has an common name inde)103.66
517.8 R 2.774(xe)-.15 G .274(ntry that informs of the e)-2.774 F .273
(xtensions a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E(able.)103.66 529.8 Q 12.5
($3$ An)77 546 R .33
(indirect entry that has a pointer to the real entry)2.83 F 5.33(.M)-.65
G .33(anual pages that are whatis references to a particular)-5.33 F
.944(page do not ph)103.66 558 R .944(ysically e)-.05 F .944
(xist so the)-.15 F 3.444(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.444 H 3.444(ap)
3.644 G .943
(ointer to the entry containing the location of the real manual)-3.444 F
(page.)103.66 570 Q 12.5($4$ Special)77 586.2 R .11
(identi\214cation entries.)2.61 F .11(There is one special k)5.11 F .41
-.15(ey n)-.1 H .11(ame, \231$v).15 F .11
(ersion$\232 that identi\214es the database storage)-.15 F(scheme v)
103.66 598.2 Q(ersion.)-.15 E .163
(In order to support looking up manual pages in a case-insensiti)72
614.4 R .463 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .163(ashion, k).05 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.663
(sa).15 G .163(re stored in lo)-2.663 F .163(wer case.)-.25 F .163
(If the name)5.163 F(of the page w)72 626.4 Q(as not already in lo)-.1 E
(wer case, its true case is also stored in the common name inde)-.25 E
2.5(xe)-.15 G(ntry)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E .263(In the follo)72 642.6 R .263(wi\
ng entries, the character \231|\232 will be used to separate the \214el\
ds. In reality a tab is used.)-.25 F .264(Direct and indi-)5.264 F
(rect entries tak)72 654.6 Q(es the form:)-.1 E F2(<name>)96.66 670.8 Q
F3<ae>22.235 E F2(<r)22.235 E(ealname>|<e)-.37 E(xt>|<sec>|<mtime)-.2 E
(.sec>|<mtime)-.15 E(.nsec>|<ID>|<r)-.15 E(ef>|<\214lter>|<comp>|)-.37 E
(<whatis>)97 682.8 Q F1(Common name inde)72 699 Q 2.5(xe)-.15 G
(ntries tak)-2.5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he form:)-2.5 E F0(15)301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(<name>)96.66 96 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF<ae>
2.5 E F1(|<r)2.5 E(ealname1>|<e)-.37 E(xt1>|<r)-.2 E(ealname2>|<e)-.37 E
(xt2>|<r)-.2 E(ealname3>|<e)-.37 E(xt3>| .)-.2 E -3.332 1.666(.. <)1.666
H -.37(re)-1.666 G(alnamen>|<e).37 E(xtn>)-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(and common name direct or indirect entries tak)72 112.2 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G
(he form:)-2.5 E F1(<name>|<e)96.66 128.4 Q(xt>)-.2 E F2<ae>8.38 E F1
(<r)8.38 E(ealname>|<e)-.37 E(xt>|<sec>|<mtime)-.2 E(.sec>|<mtime)-.15 E
(.nsec>|<ID>|<r)-.15 E(ef>|<\214lter>|<comp>|)-.37 E(<whatis>)97 140.4 Q
F3(where in each case the \214lename being represented is formed as)72
156.6 Q F1(<manual_hier)96.66 172.8 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G
(y>/man<sec>/<name>.<e).15 E(xt>.<comp>)-.2 E F3
(in the case of a manual page, or)72 189 Q F1(<cat_hier)96.66 205.2 Q
(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>/cat<sec>/<name>.<e).15 E(xt>.<comp>)-.2 E
F3(in the case of a stray cat.)72 221.4 Q .669(If an)72 237.6 R 3.169
(yo)-.15 G 3.169(ft)-3.169 G .669(he \214elds w)-3.169 F .669
(ould be empty)-.1 F 3.169(,as)-.65 G .669
(ingle \231\255\232 is stored in its place.)-3.169 F F1(<comp>)5.329 E
F3 .669(represents the compression e)3.169 F(xten-)-.15 E(sion,)72 249.6
Q F1(<mtime)3.74 E(.sec>)-.15 E F3 1.58(is an inte)4.08 F 1.581(ger rep\
resenting the seconds part of the last modi\214cation time of the manua\
l page,)-.15 F F1(<mtime)71.66 261.6 Q(.nsec>)-.15 E F3 1.507
(is an inte)4.007 F 1.506(ger representing the nanoseconds part of the \
last modi\214cation time of the manual page,)-.15 F F1(<r)71.66 273.6 Q
(ef>)-.37 E F3 .226
(points to the entry containing the location of the real page,)2.725 F
F1(<ID>)2.386 E F3 .226(is one of the follo)2.726 F .226
(wing identi\214cation letters,)-.25 F(and)72 285.6 Q F1(<\214lter>)2.16
E F3(represents an)2.5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G
(reprocessors that are needed to display the page.)-2.5 E .4 LW 480.31
306.3 131.69 306.3 DL 12.5(ID #de\214ne)136.69 315.8 R(Description)51.66
E 480.31 320.3 131.69 320.3 DL 18.33(AU)136.69 329.8 S -.92(LT)-18.33 G
31.75(_MAN ultimate).92 F(manual page, the full source nrof)2.5 E 2.5
<668c>-.25 G(le)-2.5 E 18.88(BS)136.69 341.8 S 37.49(O_MAN manual)-18.88
F(page containing a .so request to an UL)2.5 E(T_MAN)-.92 E 18.88(CW)
136.69 353.8 S(HA)-18.88 E 12.5(TIS_MAN virtual)-1.11 F
(whatis referenced page pointing to an UL)2.5 E(T_MAN)-.92 E 18.33(DS)
136.69 365.8 S(TRA)-18.33 E(Y_CA)-1.05 E 25.48(Tc)-1.11 G
(at page with no source manual page)-25.48 E 19.44(EW)136.69 377.8 S(HA)
-19.44 E(TIS_CA)-1.11 E 19.44(Tv)-1.11 G
(irtual whatis referenced page pointing to a STRA)-19.44 E(Y_CA)-1.05 E
(T)-1.11 E 480.31 382.3 131.69 382.3 DL 235.84 306.3 235.84 382.3 DL
154.74 306.3 154.74 382.3 DL 480.31 306.3 480.31 382.3 DL 131.69 306.3
131.69 382.3 DL(The)72 406 Q F1(ID)4.525 E F3 1.445
(illustrates the precedence.)4.225 F 1.445
(Some types of manual page can be referenced by se)6.445 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 1.445(ral means, e.g. .so re-).15 F .318(quested and whatis referred.)
72 418 R .319(In such a case, only one reference must be stored in the \
database, the precedence le)5.318 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(l).15 E
(decides which.)72 430 Q F0 2.5(6.2.1. F)72 454 R -2.1 -.25(av o)-.25 H
(uring stray cats).25 E F3 -.4(Wi)72 470.2 S .426(th the abo).4 F .726
-.15(ve r)-.15 H .426(ules of precedence, it is possible for a v).15 F
.425(alid stray cat page to be replaced by a whatis referred page)-.25 F
(sharing identical name-space.)72 482.2 Q .269(If you w)72 498.4 R .269
(ould lik)-.1 F 2.769(et)-.1 G 2.769(os)-2.769 G .269
(ee the stray cat page)-2.769 F F0(kill)2.769 E F3 .27
($1$ instead of the)B F0(bash_b)2.77 E(uiltins)-.2 E F3 .27
($1$ page referenced by)B F0(kill)2.77 E F3 .27($1$, edit)B F1(in-)
2.78 E(clude/mancon\214g)72 510.4 Q(.h)-.15 E F3
(and un-comment the follo)2.78 E(wing line)-.25 E(/* #de\214ne F)72
526.6 Q -.2 -1.35(AV O)-.74 H(UR_STRA)1.35 E(YCA)-1.05 E(TS */)-1.11 E
F0 2.5(6.2.2. Accessdb)72 550.6 R F3 3.052(As)72 566.8 S .552
(imple program,)-3.052 F F0(accessdb)3.052 E F3 .552
(is included with man\255db)3.052 F 5.552(.I)-.4 G 3.052(tw)-5.552 G
.552(ill output the data contained within a man\255db database)-3.052 F
1.24(in a human readable form.)72 578.8 R 1.24(By def)6.24 F 1.24
(ault, it will)-.1 F F1(dump)4.09 E F3 1.24(the data from)3.93 F F1
(/var/cac)4.89 E(he/man/inde)-.15 E(x.<db-type>)-.2 E F3 3.74(,w)C(here)
-3.74 E F1(<db-)3.4 E(type>)72 590.8 Q F3
(is dependent on the database library in use.)2.5 E .722
(Supplying an ar)72 607 R .722(gument to)-.18 F F0(accessdb)3.222 E F3
.722(will o)3.222 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .722(rride this def).15 F 3.222
(ault. T)-.1 F .722
(abs are replaced in the output by a tilde \231~\232 in the)-.8 F F1 -.1
(ke)72 619 S(y)-.2 E F3(\214eld and a single space in the)2.82 E F1
(content)2.7 E F3(\214eld.)3.18 E F0 2.5(6.2.3. Example)72 643 R
(database)2.5 E F3(As an e)72 659.2 Q(xample of both)-.15 E F0(accessdb)
2.5 E F3(and the database storage method, the output of)2.5 E 97 667.9
97 677.9 DL(src/accessdb man/inde)98.666 675.4 Q(x.bt)-.15 E 205.162
667.9 205.162 677.9 DL 102 667.9 97 667.9 DL 105.162 667.9 100.162 667.9
DL 110.162 667.9 105.162 667.9 DL 115.162 667.9 110.162 667.9 DL 120.162
667.9 115.162 667.9 DL 125.162 667.9 120.162 667.9 DL 130.162 667.9
125.162 667.9 DL 135.162 667.9 130.162 667.9 DL 140.162 667.9 135.162
667.9 DL 145.162 667.9 140.162 667.9 DL 150.162 667.9 145.162 667.9 DL
155.162 667.9 150.162 667.9 DL 160.162 667.9 155.162 667.9 DL 165.162
667.9 160.162 667.9 DL 170.162 667.9 165.162 667.9 DL 175.162 667.9
170.162 667.9 DL 180.162 667.9 175.162 667.9 DL 185.162 667.9 180.162
667.9 DL 190.162 667.9 185.162 667.9 DL 195.162 667.9 190.162 667.9 DL
200.162 667.9 195.162 667.9 DL 205.162 667.9 200.162 667.9 DL 102 677.9
97 677.9 DL 105.162 677.9 100.162 677.9 DL 110.162 677.9 105.162 677.9
DL 115.162 677.9 110.162 677.9 DL 120.162 677.9 115.162 677.9 DL 125.162
677.9 120.162 677.9 DL 130.162 677.9 125.162 677.9 DL 135.162 677.9
130.162 677.9 DL 140.162 677.9 135.162 677.9 DL 145.162 677.9 140.162
677.9 DL 150.162 677.9 145.162 677.9 DL 155.162 677.9 150.162 677.9 DL
160.162 677.9 155.162 677.9 DL 165.162 677.9 160.162 677.9 DL 170.162
677.9 165.162 677.9 DL 175.162 677.9 170.162 677.9 DL 180.162 677.9
175.162 677.9 DL 185.162 677.9 180.162 677.9 DL 190.162 677.9 185.162
677.9 DL 195.162 677.9 190.162 677.9 DL 200.162 677.9 195.162 677.9 DL
205.162 677.9 200.162 677.9 DL(after \214rst running)72 691.6 Q F0(16)
301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E .4 LW 97 88.5 97 98.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(src/mandb man)
98.666 96 Q 161.712 88.5 161.712 98.5 DL 102 88.5 97 88.5 DL 106.712
88.5 101.712 88.5 DL 111.712 88.5 106.712 88.5 DL 116.712 88.5 111.712
88.5 DL 121.712 88.5 116.712 88.5 DL 126.712 88.5 121.712 88.5 DL
131.712 88.5 126.712 88.5 DL 136.712 88.5 131.712 88.5 DL 141.712 88.5
136.712 88.5 DL 146.712 88.5 141.712 88.5 DL 151.712 88.5 146.712 88.5
DL 156.712 88.5 151.712 88.5 DL 161.712 88.5 156.712 88.5 DL 102 98.5 97
98.5 DL 106.712 98.5 101.712 98.5 DL 111.712 98.5 106.712 98.5 DL
116.712 98.5 111.712 98.5 DL 121.712 98.5 116.712 98.5 DL 126.712 98.5
121.712 98.5 DL 131.712 98.5 126.712 98.5 DL 136.712 98.5 131.712 98.5
DL 141.712 98.5 136.712 98.5 DL 146.712 98.5 141.712 98.5 DL 151.712
98.5 146.712 98.5 DL 156.712 98.5 151.712 98.5 DL 161.712 98.5 156.712
98.5 DL(from the top le)72 112.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lb).15 G
(uild directory is included belo)-2.7 E -.65(w.)-.25 G($v)72 128.4 Q
(ersion$ -> "2.5.0")-.15 E(accessdb -> "- 8 8 1410381979 324541691 A - \
- - dumps the content of a man-db database in a human readable format")
72 140.4 Q(apropos -> "- 1 1 1410381979 268541692 A - - - search the ma\
nual page names and descriptions")72 152.4 Q(catman -> "- 8 8 141038197\
9 328541691 A - - - create or update the pre-formatted manual pages")72
164.4 Q(le)72 176.4 Q(xgrog -> "- 1 1 1410381979 268541692 A - - - pars\
e header information in man pages")-.15 E
(man -> "- 1 1 1410381979 280541692 A - t - an interf)72 188.4 Q
(ace to the system reference manuals")-.1 E(mancon)72 200.4 Q 2.5(v-)-.4
G 2.5(>")-2.5 G 2.5(-111)-2.5 G(410381979 272541692 A - - - con)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.4 G(rt manual page from one encoding to another").15 E(mandb \
-> "- 8 8 1410381979 324541691 A - t - create or update the manual page\
 inde)72 212.4 Q 2.5(xc)-.15 G(aches")-2.5 E
(manpath -> " manpath 5 manpath 1")72 224.4 Q(manpath~1 -> "- 1 1 14103\
81979 300541691 A - - - determine search path for manual pages")72 236.4
Q(manpath~5 -> "- 5 5 1410381979 304541691 A - - - format of the /etc/m\
anpath.con\214g \214le")72 248.4 Q(whatis -> "- 1 1 1410381979 30054169\
1 A - - - display one-line manual page descriptions")72 260.4 Q(zsoelim\
 -> "- 1 1 1410381979 304541691 A - - - satisfy .so requests in rof)72
272.4 Q 2.5(fi)-.25 G(nput")-2.5 E F0 2.5(6.3. Database)72 296.4 R
(types)2.5 E F1 .583(man\255db has support for v)72 312.6 R .583
(arious lo)-.25 F 3.083(wl)-.25 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-3.083 H 3.083(ld).25
G .584(atabase libraries commonly in use today)-3.083 F 5.584(.T)-.65 G
.584(he interf)-5.584 F .584(aces to the libraries)-.1 F(are kno)72
324.6 Q(wn as)-.25 E 5<836e>77 340.8 S(dbm $)-5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(UNIX)A F1($)A 5<8367>77 352.8 S(dbm $)-5 E F2(GNU)A F1($)A 5<8362>77
364.8 S(tree $Berk)-5 E(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yD)-.15 G(B$)-2.5 E
(man\255db currently does not hold more than one database open at an)72
381 Q 2.5(yt)-.15 G(ime, so)-2.5 E 5<8364>77 397.2 S(bm $)-5 E F2(UNIX)
A F1($)A(support could be added in the future.)72 413.4 Q F0 2.5
(6.4. Limitations)72 437.4 R F1(The general dif)72 453.6 Q
(ferences and limitations are best compared in a table.)-.25 E 475.77
474.3 136.23 474.3 DL(Content memory)288.14 483.8 Q 363.56 488.3 280.22
488.3 DL(File)247.655 484.8 Q(Concurrent)371.205 484.8 Q 27.565
(name type)244.605 497.8 R 22.37(limit access)23.61 F(Name)141.23 490.8
Q -.8(Ty)191.755 490.8 S(pe).8 E(Shareable)431.34 490.8 Q 475.77 502.3
136.23 502.3 DL 13.6(ndbm hash)141.23 513.8 R(inde)39.71 E(x)-.15 E/F3 7
/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)-4 I F1 25.83(static 1Kb)20.5 4 N 38.34(none no)
16.68 F 13.6(gdbm hash)141.23 525.8 R(inde)39.71 E 12.5
(x.db dynamic \255)-.15 F(\214le locking)28.26 E(no)15 E 16.39
(btree binary)141.23 537.8 R 12.5(tree inde)2.5 F 14.72(x.bt static)-.15
F 28.26<ad6e>28.33 G 38.34(one yes)-28.26 F 475.77 542.3 136.23 542.3 DL
423.84 474.3 423.84 542.3 DL 363.56 474.3 363.56 542.3 DL 329.66 488.3
329.66 542.3 DL 280.22 474.3 280.22 542.3 DL 230.65 474.3 230.65 542.3
DL 172.61 474.3 172.61 542.3 DL 475.77 474.3 475.77 542.3 DL 136.23
474.3 136.23 542.3 DL(Those types that ha)72 566 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.5(ob).15 G(uilt in concurrent access strate)-2.7 E(gy are pro)-.15 E
(vided with)-.15 E F0(\215ock)2.5 E F1
($2$ based \214le locking by man\255db)A(.)-.4 E(Berk)72 582.2 Q(ele)
-.1 E 3.68(yD)-.15 G 3.68(Bi)-3.68 G 1.18(nitializes its databases v)
-3.68 F 1.18(ery quickly)-.15 F 3.68(,s)-.65 G(o)-3.68 E F0(btr)3.68 E
(ee)-.18 E F1 1.18(may ha)3.68 F 1.48 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.18
(ome performance adv).15 F 1.18(antages when doing)-.25 F F0(man)72
594.2 Q F1 2.6(searches. Ho)2.6 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .9 -.4(r, i)
.15 H 2.6(ti).4 G 2.6(sq)-2.6 G .1(uite hea)-2.6 F .1
(vyweight and its library SON)-.2 F .1(AME and on-disk formats ha)-.35 F
.4 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .1(hanged a num-).15 F .706(ber of times to pro)72
606.2 R .706(vide features considerably be)-.15 F .707
(yond what man\255db needs, so the preferred library interf)-.15 F .707
(ace is no)-.1 F(w)-.25 E F0(gdbm)72 618.2 Q F1(.)A F0(con\214gur)5 E(e)
-.18 E F1(will look for)2.5 E F0(gdbm)2.5 E F1(,)A F0(btr)2.5 E(ee)-.18
E F1(and then \214nally)2.5 E F0(ndbm)2.5 E F1
(routines when con\214guring man\255db)2.5 E(.)-.4 E F0 2.5
(6.5. Sharing)72 642.2 R(databases in a heter)2.5 E(ogeneous en)-.18 E
(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.18 E F1 1.385(It may be necessary or adv)72 654.2 R
1.385(antageous to share databases across platforms, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G 1.385(rdless of the potential \214le locking).05 F(problems.)72
666.2 Q .32 LW 76 675.8 72 675.8 DL 80 675.8 76 675.8 DL 84 675.8 80
675.8 DL 88 675.8 84 675.8 DL 92 675.8 88 675.8 DL 96 675.8 92 675.8 DL
100 675.8 96 675.8 DL 104 675.8 100 675.8 DL 108 675.8 104 675.8 DL 112
675.8 108 675.8 DL 116 675.8 112 675.8 DL 120 675.8 116 675.8 DL 124
675.8 120 675.8 DL 128 675.8 124 675.8 DL 132 675.8 128 675.8 DL 136
675.8 132 675.8 DL 140 675.8 136 675.8 DL 144 675.8 140 675.8 DL 148
675.8 144 675.8 DL 152 675.8 148 675.8 DL 156 675.8 152 675.8 DL 160
675.8 156 675.8 DL 164 675.8 160 675.8 DL 168 675.8 164 675.8 DL 172
675.8 168 675.8 DL 176 675.8 172 675.8 DL 180 675.8 176 675.8 DL 184
675.8 180 675.8 DL 188 675.8 184 675.8 DL 192 675.8 188 675.8 DL 196
675.8 192 675.8 DL 200 675.8 196 675.8 DL 204 675.8 200 675.8 DL 208
675.8 204 675.8 DL 212 675.8 208 675.8 DL 216 675.8 212 675.8 DL/F4 5
/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)93.6 686.6 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .156
(ndbm databases are ph)2.156 3.2 N .156(ysically represented by tw)-.04
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2.156(,b).176 G .156(ut are referred to simply as)-2.316 F F6(inde)2.164
E(x)-.16 E F5 .156(by the interf)2.58 F .156(ace rou-)-.08 F(tines.)72
699.4 Q F0(17)301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .052(An e)72 96 R .052(xample w)-.15 F
.052(ould be a user ha)-.1 F .052(ving a personal manual page hierarch)
-.2 F 2.552(yi)-.05 G 2.552(na)-2.552 G 2.552(nN)-2.552 G .053
(FS based home directory en)-2.552 F(vironment,)-.4 E(whereby the home \
directory is held on and mounted from a single machine in a heterogeneo\
us netw)72 108 Q(ork.)-.1 E .226(In this conte)72 124.2 R .226
(xt, the database cache will ha)-.15 F .525 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .225
(he same name and reside in the same place on all machines.).15 F .225
(There are)5.225 F(at least tw)72 136.2 Q 2.5(ow)-.1 G
(ays to deal with this problem.)-2.6 E 5<8348>77 152.4 S .042(ack the)-5
F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(include/mancon\214g)2.552 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .042
(\214le on each platform to pro)2.822 F .043
(vide a unique database name for each system.)-.15 F .043(No data-)5.043
F(bases will be shared.)85.5 164.4 Q 5<8349>77 176.4 S 1.527
(nstall and use the Berk)-5 F(ele)-.1 E 4.026(yD)-.15 G 4.026(Bd)-4.026
G 1.526(atabase interf)-4.026 F 1.526(ace library on each platform.)-.1
F 1.526(These databases can be shared)6.526 F .226(across big-endian/li\
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E 2.5(7. Miscellaneous)72 96 R 2.5(7.1. Modes)72 120 R
(of operation)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .733
(The man\255db utilities can operate in man)72 136.2 R 3.233(yd)-.15 G
(if)-3.233 E .733(ferent modes, allo)-.25 F .733(wing v)-.25 F .732
(arying de)-.25 F .732(grees of freedom, functionality and)-.15 F
(security)72 148.2 Q 5(.N)-.65 G 2.5(om)-5 G
(ode requires that the manual page hierarchies be writable.)-2.5 E
($1$ Def)72 164.4 Q(ault mode)-.1 E F0(man)97 176.4 Q F1 .564
(is setuid to the user MAN_O)3.064 F .564(WNER which is `man' by def)
-.35 F .565(ault and is changeable via options to)-.1 F F0(con\214g-)
3.065 E(ur)97 188.4 Q(e)-.18 E F1(.)A F0(mandb)5.027 E F1 2.527(,i)C
2.527(fr)-2.527 G .027(un by the superuser or MAN_O)-2.527 F .027
(WNER, creates globally accessible inde)-.35 F 2.526(xd)-.15 G .026
(atabases o)-2.526 F .026(wned by)-.25 F(MAN_O)97 200.4 Q 3.336
(WNER. Once)-.35 F .837(the databases are created,)3.336 F F0(man)3.337
E F1 .837(will update entries in them if it \214nds ne)3.337 F .837
(wly installed)-.25 F .432(manual pages $if the)97 212.4 R F0
(\255\255update)2.932 E F1 .432
(\215ag is used$ or delete entries if manual pages are remo)2.932 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.931(d. In).15 F .431(this mode it is)2.931 F .133
(possible for a malicious)97 224.4 R F0(man)2.633 E F1 .133
(user to deliberately lock a database as a writer)2.633 F 2.633(,t)-.4 G
.133(hus den)-2.633 F .134(ying read access to other)-.15 F(users.)97
236.4 Q .344(If cat directories e)97 248.4 R .344(xist and ha)-.15 F
.644 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .344(he correct permissions,).15 F F0(man)2.844 E
F1 .344(will tak)2.844 F 2.844(ec)-.1 G .344
(are of producing cat \214les.)-2.844 F .343(These will)5.343 F(be o)97
260.4 Q(wned by MAN_O)-.25 E 2.5(WNER. The)-.35 F(def)2.5 E
(ault permissions of both cat \214les and databases are 0644.)-.1 E
($2$ No man database updates)72 276.6 Q .432(This mode also requires)
97 288.6 R F0(man)2.932 E F1 .432(to be setuid, b)2.932 F .432(ut is f)
-.2 F -.2(avo)-.1 G .432(ured where databases must be shared in an en).2
F(vironment)-.4 E .338(unfriendly to k)97 300.6 R .338
(ernel locking procedures, e)-.1 F .338(g. NFS.)-.15 F .338(It also pre)
5.338 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .337
(nts possible \231denial of service\232 attacks by ma-).15 F(licious)97
312.6 Q F0(man)2.68 E F1 .18(users as)2.68 F F0(man)2.68 E F1(ne)2.68 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.68(ro).15 G .181
(pens the databases as a writer in this mode.)-2.68 F 1.781 -.8(To r)
5.181 H .181(eplace the functionality lost).8 F .039(by disallo)97 324.6
R(wing)-.25 E F0(man)2.539 E F1 .038(write access to the databases,)
2.539 F F0(mandb)2.538 E F1 .038(should be rerun whene)2.538 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.538(rn).15 G .538 -.25(ew m)-2.538 H .038(anual pages are in-)
.25 F 3.933(stalled. Otherwise,)97 336.6 R F0(man)3.933 E F1 1.433
(will not be able to use the database to \214nd and display the ne)3.933
F 1.434(wly added manual)-.25 F .939(pages, and will ha)97 348.6 R 1.239
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.439(ou).15 G .938(se the \214lesystem instead.)-3.439
F .938(Each inde)5.938 F 3.438(xd)-.15 G .938(atabase may be o)-3.438 F
.938(wned by an arbitrary user)-.25 F .455(who will ha)97 360.6 R .755
-.15(ve s)-.2 H .455(ubsequent write access to the database.).15 F .456
(Cat \214les are created in the same w)5.455 F .456
(ay as for mode $1$)-.1 F(abo)97 372.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.6
-.8(To u)97 384.6 T(se the man\255db utilities in this mode, gi).8 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.25 H(he option `\255\255disable\255automatic\255update' to)
.15 E F0(con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(.)A
($3$ No man database updates or cat production)72 400.8 Q F0(man)97
412.8 Q F1 .093(is installed not setuid.)2.593 F .093
(This mode of operation probably of)5.093 F .093(fers the highest le)
-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.593(lo).15 G 2.592(fs)-2.593 G .092(ecurity b)
-2.592 F .092(ut it requires)-.2 F .876(higher le)97 424.8 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .876(ls of maintenance than other modes due to the restrictions \
imposed upon).15 F F0(man)3.377 E F1 5.877(.E)C .877(ach database is)
-5.877 F -.25(ow)97 436.8 S .691
(ned by an arbitrary user as in mode $2$.).25 F .691
(Each cat hierarch)5.691 F 3.19(yi)-.05 G 3.19(sa)-3.19 G .69(lso o)
-3.19 F .69(wned by an arbitrary user who is re-)-.25 F 1.447
(sponsible for creating cat \214les using)97 448.8 R F0(catman)3.947 E
F1(whene)3.947 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.947(rn).15 G 1.948 -.25(ew m)-3.947 H
1.448(anual \214les are installed.).25 F F0(man)6.448 E F1 1.448
(will be com-)3.948 F(pletely passi)97 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.5
(ni).15 G(ts action, i.e. no inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(atabases will be written to and no cat \214les are e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(rp).15 G(roduced.)-2.5 E 3.944 -.8(To u)97 472.8 T 2.343(se \
the man\255db utilities in this mode, supply the options `\255\255disab\
le\255cache\255o).8 F 2.343(wner \255\255disable\255setuid)-.25 F .215
(\255\255disable\255automatic\255update \255\255disable\255cats' to)97
484.8 R F0(con\214gur)2.715 E(e)-.18 E F1 2.715(,o)C 2.716(rb)-2.715 G
.216(uild man\255db as in mode $1$ and install the bi-)-2.916 F
(naries without the setuid bit set.)97 496.8 Q($4$ W)72 513 Q
(ide open)-.4 E F0(man)97 525 Q F1 .515(is installed not setuid.)3.015 F
.514(This mode is similar in operation to the majority of v)5.515 F .514
(endor supplied, non setuid,)-.15 F .213
(cat \214le supporting manual pager suites.)97 537 R .213
(It is not recommended.)5.213 F .213(The databases are o)5.213 F .213
(wned by an arbitrary user)-.25 F .522(who maintains them using)97 549 R
F0(mandb)3.022 E F1(.)A F0(man)5.522 E F1 .522
(does not update the databases.)3.022 F .521
(Cat \214les are produced and stored in)5.522 F -.1(wo)97 561 S
(rld writable cat directories and ha).1 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.2 H
(orld write access themselv).05 E(es.)-.15 E 3.943 -.8(To u)97 573 T
2.343(se the man\255db utilities in this mode, supply the options `\255\
\255disable\255cache\255o).8 F 2.344(wner \255\255disable\255setuid)-.25
F .108(\255\255disable\255automatic\255update' to)97 585 R F0
(con\214gur)2.608 E(e)-.18 E F1 2.608(,e)C(dit)-2.608 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(include/mancon\214g)2.618 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .108
(and change the de\214nition of CA)2.888 F(TMODE)-1.11 E
(from 0644 to 0666.)97 597 Q .17(Other v)72 613.2 R .17
(ariations can also be used.)-.25 F .17(In f)5.17 F .17
(act it is possible for)-.1 F F0(man)2.671 E F1 .171
(to actually create inde)2.671 F 2.671(xd)-.15 G .171
(atabases, usually the job of)-2.671 F F0(mandb)72 625.2 Q F1 2.849(,f)C
.349(or users' pri)-2.849 F -.25(va)-.25 G .349
(te manual page hierarchies.).25 F .348(This is enabled by gi)5.349 F
.348(ving the option `\255\255enable\255automatic\255cre-)-.25 F
(ate' to)72 637.2 Q F0(con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(.)A(In summary)72
653.4 Q(,)-.65 E F2(include/mancon\214g)2.51 E(.h)-.15 E F1
(contains de\214nitions for)2.78 E 5<8343>77 669.6 S -1.11(AT)-5 G(MODE)
1.11 E 5<8344>77 681.6 S(BMODE)-5 E
(the setuid installation and operation of)72 697.8 Q F0(man)2.5 E F1
(is modi\214ed by supplying either of the follo)2.5 E(wing options to)
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/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 180.79(man\255db v2.12.0)72 60 R(2023-09-23)
172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 5<83ad>77 96 S(\255enable\255setuid)-5 E
5<83ad>77 108 S(\255disable\255setuid)-5 E(and other aspects of)72 124.2
Q F0(man)2.5 E F1 1.1 -.55('s b)D(eha).55 E
(viour are controlled by the follo)-.2 E(wing options to)-.25 E F0
(con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(:)A 5<83ad>77 140.4 S
(\255enable\255automatic\255create)-5 E 5<83ad>77 152.4 S
(\255disable\255automatic\255update)-5 E 5<83ad>77 164.4 S
(\255disable\255cats)-5 E F0 2.5(7.2. NFS)72 188.4 R -.18(ro)2.5 G
(ot squash).18 E F1(If)72 204.6 Q F0(man)2.808 E F1 .309(is installed s\
etuid to an arbitrary user and is run by root, instead of g)2.808 F .309
(aining the ef)-.05 F(fecti)-.25 E .609 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .309
(ser id of the setuid).15 F(user)72 216.6 Q(,)-.4 E F0(man)2.876 E F1
.376(is run with both uid and euid as root.)2.876 F .376
(This is neccesary due to infelicities with the)5.376 F F0(POSIX)2.875 E
F1 .375(setuid func-)2.875 F 1.737(tion call:)72 228.6 R 1.737
(All users e)6.737 F 1.737(xcept root may change to and from the ef)-.15
F(fecti)-.25 E 2.038 -.15(ve $)-.25 H 1.738(setuid$ user).15 F 4.238
(,h)-.4 G -.25(ow)-4.238 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H 4.238(ro).25 G 1.738
(nce root has se-)-4.238 F(tuid$user$, there is no w)72 240.6 Q
(ay back.)-.1 E 2.907(As)72 256.8 S .407(ide ef)-2.907 F .407
(fect of this is that)-.25 F F0(NFS)2.907 E F1 .407
(mounted cat hierarchies or databases will be unwritable if the follo)
2.907 F .406(wing conditions)-.25 F -.15(ex)72 268.8 S(ist:).15 E 5
<836d>77 285 S(an/catman/mandb is run by root)-5 E 5<8354>77 297 S
(he NFS mount has the root squash \215ag set)-5 E 2.09 -.8(To g)72 313.2
T .491(et around this problem, the root user must \214rst attain the ID\
 of the cat hierarch).8 F 2.991(yo)-.05 G 2.991(rd)-2.991 G .491
(atabase o)-2.991 F .491(wner before run-)-.25 F(ning)72 325.2 Q F0
(man/catman/mandb)2.5 E F1(whene)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G
(he databases need updating or cat \214les are to be produced.)-2.5 E F0
2.5(7.3. NLS)72 349.2 R(message catalogues)2.5 E F1 .452
(man\255db has b)72 365.4 R .452(uilt in support for nati)-.2 F .752
-.15(ve l)-.25 H .452(anguage message catalogues.).15 F .451
(That is, it can issue messages in the locale of)5.452 F .278(the user')
72 377.4 R 2.778(sc)-.55 G 2.778(hoice. This)-2.778 F .279
(will only occur if the locale')2.779 F 2.779(st)-.55 G .279
(ranslation has been written.)-2.779 F .279
(Before undertaking a translation,)5.279 F(please contact the T)72 389.4
Q(ranslation Project $https://translationproject.or)-.35 E
(g/$ who are coordinating such acti)-.18 E(vities.)-.25 E F0 2.5
(7.4. Cr)72 413.4 R(edits)-.18 E F1 .403(The authors w)72 429.6 R .403
(ould lik)-.1 F 2.903(et)-.1 G 2.903(ot)-2.903 G .403(hank the follo)
-2.903 F .403(wing people for their time, ef)-.25 F .402
(fort, support, ideas and code which went into)-.25 F(man\255db:)72
441.6 Q(Markus Armbruster <armbru@pond.sub)112 457.8 Q(.or)-.4 E(g>)-.18
E(Lionel Cons & colleages <cons@dxcern.cern.ch>)112 469.8 Q
(Carl Edman <cedman@princeton.edu>)112 481.8 Q
(Caleb Epstein <epstein_caleb@jpmor)112 493.8 Q -.05(ga)-.18 G(n.com>)
.05 E(Lars Fenneber)112 505.8 Q 2.5(g<)-.18 G(lf@gimli.comlink.de>)-2.5
E(Zoltan Hidv)112 517.8 Q -.15(eg)-.15 G 2.5(i<).15 G(hzoli@cs.elte.hu>)
-2.5 E(Nils Magnus <magnus@unix-ag.uni-kl.de>)112 529.8 Q
(Daniel Quinlan <quinlan@yggdrasil.com>)112 541.8 Q -.15(Fa)112 553.8 S
(brizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.or).15 E(g>)-.18 E
(Gordon Sadler <gbsadler1@lcisp.com>)112 565.8 Q
(Colin Phipps <cph@cph.demon.co.uk>)112 577.8 Q -.15(Pa)112 589.8 S
(ul Slootman <paul@wurtel.net>).15 E(Jose Rodriguez <boriel@airtel.net>)
112 601.8 Q(Eirik Fuller <eirik@hackrat.com>)112 613.8 Q(Matej V)112
625.8 Q(ela <v)-1.11 E(ela@debian.or)-.15 E(g>)-.18 E
(Clint Adams <schizo@debian.or)112 637.8 Q(g>)-.18 E
(Jeremy C. Reed <reed@reedmedia.net>)112 649.8 Q
(Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.or)112 661.8 Q(g>)-.18 E
(Giuseppe Sacco <eppesuig@debian.or)112 673.8 Q(g>)-.18 E(Da)112 685.8 Q
(vid W)-.2 E(einehall <tao@debian.or)-.8 E(g>)-.18 E(Ralph Cordero)112
697.8 Q 2.5(y<)-.1 G(ralph@inputplus.co.uk>)-2.5 E -1.11(Yu)112 709.8 S
(ri K)1.11 E(ozlo)-.35 E 2.5(v<)-.15 G -.1(ko)-2.5 G(zlo).1 E -.65(v.)
-.15 G(y@gmail.com>).65 E(Henning Makholm <henning@makholm.net>)112
721.8 Q F0(20)301 756 Q 0 Cg EP
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172.34 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Lars W)112 96 Q(irzenius <liw@iki.\214>)
-.4 E(Nicolas Fran\347ois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>)112 108 Q
(Iv)112 120 Q(an Shmak)-.25 E .3 -.15(ov <)-.1 H(oneingray@gmail.com>)
.15 E(Peter Breitenlohner <peb@mppmu.mpg.de>)112 132 Q
(Robert Luberda <robert@debian.or)112 144 Q(g>)-.18 E(Chusslo)112 156 Q
.3 -.15(ve I)-.15 H(llich <casla).15 E -.65(v.)-.2 G(ilic@gmx.net>).65 E
(and all those translators listed in the)72 172.2 Q F0(man/THANKS)2.5 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Glossary)288.225 96 Q(manual page)72 124.2 Q
3.015<418c>97 136.2 S .515(le containing descriptions related to the us\
e of a function or program or the structure of a \214le.)-3.015 F .515
(The name)5.515 F .542
(of the \214le is formed from the title of the manual page follo)97
148.2 R .541(wed by a period follo)-.25 F .541
(wed by the name of the sec-)-.25 F .288
(tion that it resides in, optionally follo)97 160.2 R .288(wed by an e)
-.25 F 2.788(xtension. The)-.15 F .288(format of the \214le is)2.788 F
/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(NR)2.788 E(OFF)-.27 E F0 .289(and may be com-)
2.789 F(pressed, ha)97 172.2 Q(ving a suitable compression e)-.2 E
(xtension appended.)-.15 E(cat page)72 188.4 Q 2.5(Af)97 200.4 S
(ormatted manual page suitable for vie)-2.5 E
(wing on a vt100-type terminal.)-.25 E(stray cat page)72 216.6 Q 2.869
(Ac)97 228.6 S .369(at page that does not ha)-2.869 F .668 -.15(ve a r)
-.2 H(elati).15 E .668 -.15(ve m)-.25 H .368
(anual page on the system, i.e. only the cat page w).15 F .368
(as supplied or the)-.1 F(manual page w)97 240.6 Q(as remo)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(fter the cat page had been created.)-2.5 E
(section)72 256.8 Q .394(Each manual page or cat page hierarch)97 268.8
R 2.895(yi)-.05 G 2.895(sd)-2.895 G -.25(iv)-2.895 G .395
(ided into sections, each section ha).25 F .395(ving its o)-.2 F .395
(wn directory)-.25 F 5.395(.M)-.65 G(an-)-5.395 E(ual page hierarch)97
280.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.05 G(ection names be)-2.5 E
(gin with `man' and cat page sections with `cat'.)-.15 E -.15(ex)72 297
S(tension).15 E 3.189(Ap)97 309 S .689(ackage may pro)-3.189 F .689
(vide manual pages with \214lenames ending in a package-speci\214c e)
-.15 F .688(xtension name.)-.15 F .688(This al-)5.688 F(lo)97 321 Q .299
(ws manual pages with the same title to coe)-.25 F .299
(xist in the same manual page hierarch)-.15 F 2.799(ya)-.05 G .299
(nd section without shar)-2.799 F(-)-.2 E(ing the same \214lename.)97
333 Q(It also pro)5 E
(vides a further mechanism for man to select the correct manual page.)
-.15 E(manual page hierarch)72 349.2 Q(y)-.05 E 2.5(Ad)97 361.2 S
(irectory tree di)-2.5 E(vided into manual page sections, each containi\
ng a collection of manual pages.)-.25 E(cat page hierarch)72 377.4 Q(y)
-.05 E 2.5(Ad)97 389.4 S(irectory tree di)-2.5 E(vided into cat page se\
ctions, each containing a collection of cat pages.)-.25 E
(traditional cat page hierarch)72 405.6 Q(y)-.05 E
(The same location as the manual page hierarch)97 417.6 Q -.65(y.)-.05 G
(alternate cat page hierarch)72 433.8 Q(y)-.05 E 2.5(As)97 445.8 S
(eparate location to that of the traditional cat page hierarch)-2.5 E
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