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name	type	size	perms	modified	actions
[parent directory]
__pycache__/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
asyncio/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
collections/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
concurrent/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
config-3.11-x86_64-linux-gnu/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
ctypes/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
curses/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
dbm/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
distutils/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
email/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
encodings/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
ensurepip/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
html/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
http/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
importlib/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
json/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
lib-dynload/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
lib2to3/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
logging/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
multiprocessing/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
pydoc_data/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
re/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
site-packages/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
sqlite3/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
tomllib/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
unittest/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
urllib/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
venv/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
wsgiref/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
xml/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
xmlrpc/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
zoneinfo/	dir	-	0755	2026-08-19 08:39:32
__future__.py	file	5,218 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
__hello__.py	file	227 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_aix_support.py	file	3,389 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_bootsubprocess.py	file	2,675 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_collections_abc.py	file	30,193 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_compat_pickle.py	file	8,761 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_compression.py	file	5,681 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_markupbase.py	file	14,653 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_osx_support.py	file	22,023 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_py_abc.py	file	6,189 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_pydecimal.py	file	229,202 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_pyio.py	file	94,193 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_sitebuiltins.py	file	3,128 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_strptime.py	file	25,175 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_sysconfigdata__linux_x86_64-linux-gnu.py	file	61,954 B	0644	2025-05-23 00:00:00	edit
_sysconfigdata_d_linux_x86_64-linux-gnu.py	file	61,178 B	0644	2025-05-23 00:00:00	edit
_threading_local.py	file	7,220 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
_weakrefset.py	file	5,893 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
abc.py	file	6,538 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
aifc.py	file	34,211 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
antigravity.py	file	500 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
argparse.py	file	100,283 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
ast.py	file	61,444 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
asynchat.py	file	11,570 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
asyncore.py	file	20,310 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
base64.py	file	21,047 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
bdb.py	file	32,463 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
bisect.py	file	3,135 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
bz2.py	file	11,847 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
calendar.py	file	24,731 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
cgi.py	file	34,438 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
cgitb.py	file	12,421 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
chunk.py	file	5,500 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
cmd.py	file	14,873 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
code.py	file	10,622 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
codecs.py	file	37,150 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
codeop.py	file	5,907 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
colorsys.py	file	4,062 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
compileall.py	file	20,252 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
configparser.py	file	55,660 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
contextlib.py	file	27,414 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
contextvars.py	file	129 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
copy.py	file	8,681 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
copyreg.py	file	7,677 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
cProfile.py	file	6,365 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
crypt.py	file	3,913 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
csv.py	file	16,030 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
dataclasses.py	file	58,472 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
datetime.py	file	91,832 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
decimal.py	file	320 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
difflib.py	file	83,308 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
dis.py	file	28,906 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
doctest.py	file	106,297 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
enum.py	file	79,583 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
filecmp.py	file	10,178 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
fileinput.py	file	15,714 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
fnmatch.py	file	5,999 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
fractions.py	file	28,677 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
ftplib.py	file	35,815 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
functools.py	file	38,413 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
genericpath.py	file	4,975 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
getopt.py	file	7,489 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
getpass.py	file	5,990 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
gettext.py	file	21,320 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
glob.py	file	8,732 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
graphlib.py	file	9,656 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
gzip.py	file	24,074 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
hashlib.py	file	11,765 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
heapq.py	file	23,024 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
hmac.py	file	7,716 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
imaplib.py	file	55,217 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
imghdr.py	file	3,952 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
imp.py	file	10,606 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
inspect.py	file	123,419 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
io.py	file	4,320 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
ipaddress.py	file	79,124 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
keyword.py	file	1,061 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
LICENSE.txt	file	13,936 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
linecache.py	file	5,649 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
locale.py	file	79,095 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
lzma.py	file	13,277 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
mailbox.py	file	78,830 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
mailcap.py	file	9,369 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
mimetypes.py	file	22,962 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
modulefinder.py	file	23,699 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
netrc.py	file	6,929 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
nntplib.py	file	41,087 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
ntpath.py	file	30,222 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
nturl2path.py	file	2,887 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
numbers.py	file	10,348 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
opcode.py	file	10,447 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
operator.py	file	10,965 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
optparse.py	file	60,369 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
os.py	file	39,530 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pathlib.py	file	48,566 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pdb.py	file	64,192 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pickle.py	file	65,132 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pickletools.py	file	93,861 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pipes.py	file	8,978 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pkgutil.py	file	24,638 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
platform.py	file	42,293 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
plistlib.py	file	28,354 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
poplib.py	file	15,198 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
posixpath.py	file	17,013 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pprint.py	file	24,583 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
profile.py	file	22,902 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pstats.py	file	29,356 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pty.py	file	6,317 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
py_compile.py	file	7,837 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pyclbr.py	file	11,396 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
pydoc.py	file	112,670 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
queue.py	file	11,496 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
quopri.py	file	7,287 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
random.py	file	32,162 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
reprlib.py	file	5,437 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
rlcompleter.py	file	7,827 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
runpy.py	file	13,159 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sched.py	file	6,351 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
secrets.py	file	2,028 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
selectors.py	file	19,671 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
shelve.py	file	8,560 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
shlex.py	file	13,501 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
shutil.py	file	56,517 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
signal.py	file	2,495 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
site.py	file	22,987 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
smtpd.py	file	31,181 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
smtplib.py	file	45,437 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sndhdr.py	file	7,448 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
socket.py	file	37,557 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
socketserver.py	file	27,586 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sre_compile.py	file	231 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sre_constants.py	file	232 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sre_parse.py	file	229 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
ssl.py	file	54,305 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
stat.py	file	5,485 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
statistics.py	file	47,705 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
string.py	file	11,786 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
stringprep.py	file	12,917 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
struct.py	file	257 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
subprocess.py	file	88,725 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sunau.py	file	18,480 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
symtable.py	file	10,368 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
sysconfig.py	file	30,315 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tabnanny.py	file	11,318 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tarfile.py	file	107,882 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
telnetlib.py	file	23,301 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tempfile.py	file	31,873 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
textwrap.py	file	19,718 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
this.py	file	1,003 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
threading.py	file	58,231 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
timeit.py	file	13,538 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
token.py	file	2,386 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tokenize.py	file	26,336 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
trace.py	file	29,202 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
traceback.py	file	40,547 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tracemalloc.py	file	18,047 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
tty.py	file	879 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
types.py	file	10,067 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
typing.py	file	120,951 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
uu.py	file	7,341 B	0644	2025-05-23 00:00:00	edit
uuid.py	file	27,597 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
warnings.py	file	21,110 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
wave.py	file	21,818 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
weakref.py	file	21,513 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
webbrowser.py	file	25,155 B	0755	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
xdrlib.py	file	5,977 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
zipapp.py	file	7,535 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
zipfile.py	file	93,788 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit
zipimport.py	file	30,897 B	0644	2025-04-08 14:15:29	edit

editing: tempfile.py

"""Temporary files.

This module provides generic, low- and high-level interfaces for
creating temporary files and directories.  All of the interfaces
provided by this module can be used without fear of race conditions
except for 'mktemp'.  'mktemp' is subject to race conditions and
should not be used; it is provided for backward compatibility only.

The default path names are returned as str.  If you supply bytes as
input, all return values will be in bytes.  Ex:

>>> tempfile.mkstemp()
    (4, '/tmp/tmptpu9nin8')
    >>> tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=b'')
    b'/tmp/tmppbi8f0hy'

This module also provides some data items to the user:

TMP_MAX  - maximum number of names that will be tried before
             giving up.
  tempdir  - If this is set to a string before the first use of
             any routine from this module, it will be considered as
             another candidate location to store temporary files.
"""

__all__ = [
    "NamedTemporaryFile", "TemporaryFile", # high level safe interfaces
    "SpooledTemporaryFile", "TemporaryDirectory",
    "mkstemp", "mkdtemp",                  # low level safe interfaces
    "mktemp",                              # deprecated unsafe interface
    "TMP_MAX", "gettempprefix",            # constants
    "tempdir", "gettempdir",
    "gettempprefixb", "gettempdirb",
   ]

# Imports.

import functools as _functools
import warnings as _warnings
import io as _io
import os as _os
import shutil as _shutil
import stat as _stat
import errno as _errno
from random import Random as _Random
import sys as _sys
import types as _types
import weakref as _weakref
import _thread
_allocate_lock = _thread.allocate_lock

_text_openflags = _os.O_RDWR | _os.O_CREAT | _os.O_EXCL
if hasattr(_os, 'O_NOFOLLOW'):
    _text_openflags |= _os.O_NOFOLLOW

_bin_openflags = _text_openflags
if hasattr(_os, 'O_BINARY'):
    _bin_openflags |= _os.O_BINARY

if hasattr(_os, 'TMP_MAX'):
    TMP_MAX = _os.TMP_MAX
else:
    TMP_MAX = 10000

# This variable _was_ unused for legacy reasons, see issue 10354.
# But as of 3.5 we actually use it at runtime so changing it would
# have a possibly desirable side effect...  But we do not want to support
# that as an API.  It is undocumented on purpose.  Do not depend on this.
template = "tmp"

# Internal routines.

_once_lock = _allocate_lock()

def _exists(fn):
    try:
        _os.lstat(fn)
    except OSError:
        return False
    else:
        return True

def _infer_return_type(*args):
    """Look at the type of all args and divine their implied return type."""
    return_type = None
    for arg in args:
        if arg is None:
            continue

if isinstance(arg, _os.PathLike):
            arg = _os.fspath(arg)

if isinstance(arg, bytes):
            if return_type is str:
                raise TypeError("Can't mix bytes and non-bytes in "
                                "path components.")
            return_type = bytes
        else:
            if return_type is bytes:
                raise TypeError("Can't mix bytes and non-bytes in "
                                "path components.")
            return_type = str
    if return_type is None:
        if tempdir is None or isinstance(tempdir, str):
            return str  # tempfile APIs return a str by default.
        else:
            # we could check for bytes but it'll fail later on anyway
            return bytes
    return return_type

def _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir):
    """Common parameter processing for most APIs in this module."""
    output_type = _infer_return_type(prefix, suffix, dir)
    if suffix is None:
        suffix = output_type()
    if prefix is None:
        if output_type is str:
            prefix = template
        else:
            prefix = _os.fsencode(template)
    if dir is None:
        if output_type is str:
            dir = gettempdir()
        else:
            dir = gettempdirb()
    return prefix, suffix, dir, output_type

class _RandomNameSequence:
    """An instance of _RandomNameSequence generates an endless
    sequence of unpredictable strings which can safely be incorporated
    into file names.  Each string is eight characters long.  Multiple
    threads can safely use the same instance at the same time.

_RandomNameSequence is an iterator."""

characters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_"

@property
    def rng(self):
        cur_pid = _os.getpid()
        if cur_pid != getattr(self, '_rng_pid', None):
            self._rng = _Random()
            self._rng_pid = cur_pid
        return self._rng

def __iter__(self):
        return self

def __next__(self):
        return ''.join(self.rng.choices(self.characters, k=8))

def _candidate_tempdir_list():
    """Generate a list of candidate temporary directories which
    _get_default_tempdir will try."""

dirlist = []

# First, try the environment.
    for envname in 'TMPDIR', 'TEMP', 'TMP':
        dirname = _os.getenv(envname)
        if dirname: dirlist.append(dirname)

# Failing that, try OS-specific locations.
    if _os.name == 'nt':
        dirlist.extend([ _os.path.expanduser(r'~\AppData\Local\Temp'),
                         _os.path.expandvars(r'%SYSTEMROOT%\Temp'),
                         r'c:\temp', r'c:\tmp', r'\temp', r'\tmp' ])
    else:
        dirlist.extend([ '/tmp', '/var/tmp', '/usr/tmp' ])

# As a last resort, the current directory.
    try:
        dirlist.append(_os.getcwd())
    except (AttributeError, OSError):
        dirlist.append(_os.curdir)

return dirlist

def _get_default_tempdir():
    """Calculate the default directory to use for temporary files.
    This routine should be called exactly once.

We determine whether or not a candidate temp dir is usable by
    trying to create and write to a file in that directory.  If this
    is successful, the test file is deleted.  To prevent denial of
    service, the name of the test file must be randomized."""

namer = _RandomNameSequence()
    dirlist = _candidate_tempdir_list()

for dir in dirlist:
        if dir != _os.curdir:
            dir = _os.path.abspath(dir)
        # Try only a few names per directory.
        for seq in range(100):
            name = next(namer)
            filename = _os.path.join(dir, name)
            try:
                fd = _os.open(filename, _bin_openflags, 0o600)
                try:
                    try:
                        _os.write(fd, b'blat')
                    finally:
                        _os.close(fd)
                finally:
                    _os.unlink(filename)
                return dir
            except FileExistsError:
                pass
            except PermissionError:
                # This exception is thrown when a directory with the chosen name
                # already exists on windows.
                if (_os.name == 'nt' and _os.path.isdir(dir) and
                    _os.access(dir, _os.W_OK)):
                    continue
                break   # no point trying more names in this directory
            except OSError:
                break   # no point trying more names in this directory
    raise FileNotFoundError(_errno.ENOENT,
                            "No usable temporary directory found in %s" %
                            dirlist)

_name_sequence = None

def _get_candidate_names():
    """Common setup sequence for all user-callable interfaces."""

global _name_sequence
    if _name_sequence is None:
        _once_lock.acquire()
        try:
            if _name_sequence is None:
                _name_sequence = _RandomNameSequence()
        finally:
            _once_lock.release()
    return _name_sequence

def _mkstemp_inner(dir, pre, suf, flags, output_type):
    """Code common to mkstemp, TemporaryFile, and NamedTemporaryFile."""

dir = _os.path.abspath(dir)
    names = _get_candidate_names()
    if output_type is bytes:
        names = map(_os.fsencode, names)

for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, pre + name + suf)
        _sys.audit("tempfile.mkstemp", file)
        try:
            fd = _os.open(file, flags, 0o600)
        except FileExistsError:
            continue    # try again
        except PermissionError:
            # This exception is thrown when a directory with the chosen name
            # already exists on windows.
            if (_os.name == 'nt' and _os.path.isdir(dir) and
                _os.access(dir, _os.W_OK)):
                continue
            else:
                raise
        return fd, file

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary file name found")

def _dont_follow_symlinks(func, path, *args):
    # Pass follow_symlinks=False, unless not supported on this platform.
    if func in _os.supports_follow_symlinks:
        func(path, *args, follow_symlinks=False)
    elif _os.name == 'nt' or not _os.path.islink(path):
        func(path, *args)

def _resetperms(path):
    try:
        chflags = _os.chflags
    except AttributeError:
        pass
    else:
        _dont_follow_symlinks(chflags, path, 0)
    _dont_follow_symlinks(_os.chmod, path, 0o700)

# User visible interfaces.

def gettempprefix():
    """The default prefix for temporary directories as string."""
    return _os.fsdecode(template)

def gettempprefixb():
    """The default prefix for temporary directories as bytes."""
    return _os.fsencode(template)

tempdir = None

def _gettempdir():
    """Private accessor for tempfile.tempdir."""
    global tempdir
    if tempdir is None:
        _once_lock.acquire()
        try:
            if tempdir is None:
                tempdir = _get_default_tempdir()
        finally:
            _once_lock.release()
    return tempdir

def gettempdir():
    """Returns tempfile.tempdir as str."""
    return _os.fsdecode(_gettempdir())

def gettempdirb():
    """Returns tempfile.tempdir as bytes."""
    return _os.fsencode(_gettempdir())

def mkstemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, text=False):
    """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary
    file.  The return value is a pair (fd, name) where fd is the
    file descriptor returned by os.open, and name is the filename.

If 'suffix' is not None, the file name will end with that suffix,
    otherwise there will be no suffix.

If 'prefix' is not None, the file name will begin with that prefix,
    otherwise a default prefix is used.

If 'dir' is not None, the file will be created in that directory,
    otherwise a default directory is used.

If 'text' is specified and true, the file is opened in text
    mode.  Else (the default) the file is opened in binary mode.

If any of 'suffix', 'prefix' and 'dir' are not None, they must be the
    same type.  If they are bytes, the returned name will be bytes; str
    otherwise.

The file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID.
    If the operating system uses permission bits to indicate whether a
    file is executable, the file is executable by no one. The file
    descriptor is not inherited by children of this process.

Caller is responsible for deleting the file when done with it.
    """

prefix, suffix, dir, output_type = _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir)

if text:
        flags = _text_openflags
    else:
        flags = _bin_openflags

return _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags, output_type)

def mkdtemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None):
    """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary
    directory.  The return value is the pathname of the directory.

Arguments are as for mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is
    not accepted.

The directory is readable, writable, and searchable only by the
    creating user.

Caller is responsible for deleting the directory when done with it.
    """

prefix, suffix, dir, output_type = _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir)

names = _get_candidate_names()
    if output_type is bytes:
        names = map(_os.fsencode, names)

for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix)
        _sys.audit("tempfile.mkdtemp", file)
        try:
            _os.mkdir(file, 0o700)
        except FileExistsError:
            continue    # try again
        except PermissionError:
            # This exception is thrown when a directory with the chosen name
            # already exists on windows.
            if (_os.name == 'nt' and _os.path.isdir(dir) and
                _os.access(dir, _os.W_OK)):
                continue
            else:
                raise
        return file

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary directory name found")

def mktemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
    """User-callable function to return a unique temporary file name.  The
    file is not created.

Arguments are similar to mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is
    not accepted, and suffix=None, prefix=None and bytes file names are not
    supported.

THIS FUNCTION IS UNSAFE AND SHOULD NOT BE USED.  The file name may
    refer to a file that did not exist at some point, but by the time
    you get around to creating it, someone else may have beaten you to
    the punch.
    """

##    from warnings import warn as _warn
##    _warn("mktemp is a potential security risk to your program",
##          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)

if dir is None:
        dir = gettempdir()

names = _get_candidate_names()
    for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix)
        if not _exists(file):
            return file

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary filename found")

class _TemporaryFileCloser:
    """A separate object allowing proper closing of a temporary file's
    underlying file object, without adding a __del__ method to the
    temporary file."""

file = None  # Set here since __del__ checks it
    close_called = False

def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True):
        self.file = file
        self.name = name
        self.delete = delete

# NT provides delete-on-close as a primitive, so we don't need
    # the wrapper to do anything special.  We still use it so that
    # file.name is useful (i.e. not "(fdopen)") with NamedTemporaryFile.
    if _os.name != 'nt':
        # Cache the unlinker so we don't get spurious errors at
        # shutdown when the module-level "os" is None'd out.  Note
        # that this must be referenced as self.unlink, because the
        # name TemporaryFileWrapper may also get None'd out before
        # __del__ is called.

def close(self, unlink=_os.unlink):
            if not self.close_called and self.file is not None:
                self.close_called = True
                try:
                    self.file.close()
                finally:
                    if self.delete:
                        unlink(self.name)

# Need to ensure the file is deleted on __del__
        def __del__(self):
            self.close()

else:
        def close(self):
            if not self.close_called:
                self.close_called = True
                self.file.close()

class _TemporaryFileWrapper:
    """Temporary file wrapper

This class provides a wrapper around files opened for
    temporary use.  In particular, it seeks to automatically
    remove the file when it is no longer needed.
    """

def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True):
        self.file = file
        self.name = name
        self.delete = delete
        self._closer = _TemporaryFileCloser(file, name, delete)

def __getattr__(self, name):
        # Attribute lookups are delegated to the underlying file
        # and cached for non-numeric results
        # (i.e. methods are cached, closed and friends are not)
        file = self.__dict__['file']
        a = getattr(file, name)
        if hasattr(a, '__call__'):
            func = a
            @_functools.wraps(func)
            def func_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
            # Avoid closing the file as long as the wrapper is alive,
            # see issue #18879.
            func_wrapper._closer = self._closer
            a = func_wrapper
        if not isinstance(a, int):
            setattr(self, name, a)
        return a

# The underlying __enter__ method returns the wrong object
    # (self.file) so override it to return the wrapper
    def __enter__(self):
        self.file.__enter__()
        return self

# Need to trap __exit__ as well to ensure the file gets
    # deleted when used in a with statement
    def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        result = self.file.__exit__(exc, value, tb)
        self.close()
        return result

def close(self):
        """
        Close the temporary file, possibly deleting it.
        """
        self._closer.close()

# iter() doesn't use __getattr__ to find the __iter__ method
    def __iter__(self):
        # Don't return iter(self.file), but yield from it to avoid closing
        # file as long as it's being used as iterator (see issue #23700).  We
        # can't use 'yield from' here because iter(file) returns the file
        # object itself, which has a close method, and thus the file would get
        # closed when the generator is finalized, due to PEP380 semantics.
        for line in self.file:
            yield line

def NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
                       newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None,
                       dir=None, delete=True, *, errors=None):
    """Create and return a temporary file.
    Arguments:
    'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp.
    'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b").
    'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1).
    'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None)
    'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None)
    'delete' -- whether the file is deleted on close (default True).
    'errors' -- the errors argument to io.open (default None)
    The file is created as mkstemp() would do it.

Returns an object with a file-like interface; the name of the file
    is accessible as its 'name' attribute.  The file will be automatically
    deleted when it is closed unless the 'delete' argument is set to False.

On POSIX, NamedTemporaryFiles cannot be automatically deleted if
    the creating process is terminated abruptly with a SIGKILL signal.
    Windows can delete the file even in this case.
    """

prefix, suffix, dir, output_type = _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir)

flags = _bin_openflags

# Setting O_TEMPORARY in the flags causes the OS to delete
    # the file when it is closed.  This is only supported by Windows.
    if _os.name == 'nt' and delete:
        flags |= _os.O_TEMPORARY

if "b" not in mode:
        encoding = _io.text_encoding(encoding)

name = None
    def opener(*args):
        nonlocal name
        fd, name = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags, output_type)
        return fd
    try:
        file = _io.open(dir, mode, buffering=buffering,
                        newline=newline, encoding=encoding, errors=errors,
                        opener=opener)
        try:
            raw = getattr(file, 'buffer', file)
            raw = getattr(raw, 'raw', raw)
            raw.name = name
            return _TemporaryFileWrapper(file, name, delete)
        except:
            file.close()
            raise
    except:
        if name is not None and not (_os.name == 'nt' and delete):
            _os.unlink(name)
        raise

if _os.name != 'posix' or _sys.platform == 'cygwin':
    # On non-POSIX and Cygwin systems, assume that we cannot unlink a file
    # while it is open.
    TemporaryFile = NamedTemporaryFile

else:
    # Is the O_TMPFILE flag available and does it work?
    # The flag is set to False if os.open(dir, os.O_TMPFILE) raises an
    # IsADirectoryError exception
    _O_TMPFILE_WORKS = hasattr(_os, 'O_TMPFILE')

def TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
                      newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None,
                      dir=None, *, errors=None):
        """Create and return a temporary file.
        Arguments:
        'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp.
        'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b").
        'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1).
        'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None)
        'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None)
        'errors' -- the errors argument to io.open (default None)
        The file is created as mkstemp() would do it.

Returns an object with a file-like interface.  The file has no
        name, and will cease to exist when it is closed.
        """
        global _O_TMPFILE_WORKS

if "b" not in mode:
            encoding = _io.text_encoding(encoding)

prefix, suffix, dir, output_type = _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir)

flags = _bin_openflags
        if _O_TMPFILE_WORKS:
            fd = None
            def opener(*args):
                nonlocal fd
                flags2 = (flags | _os.O_TMPFILE) & ~_os.O_CREAT
                fd = _os.open(dir, flags2, 0o600)
                return fd
            try:
                file = _io.open(dir, mode, buffering=buffering,
                                newline=newline, encoding=encoding,
                                errors=errors, opener=opener)
                raw = getattr(file, 'buffer', file)
                raw = getattr(raw, 'raw', raw)
                raw.name = fd
                return file
            except IsADirectoryError:
                # Linux kernel older than 3.11 ignores the O_TMPFILE flag:
                # O_TMPFILE is read as O_DIRECTORY. Trying to open a directory
                # with O_RDWR|O_DIRECTORY fails with IsADirectoryError, a
                # directory cannot be open to write. Set flag to False to not
                # try again.
                _O_TMPFILE_WORKS = False
            except OSError:
                # The filesystem of the directory does not support O_TMPFILE.
                # For example, OSError(95, 'Operation not supported').
                #
                # On Linux kernel older than 3.11, trying to open a regular
                # file (or a symbolic link to a regular file) with O_TMPFILE
                # fails with NotADirectoryError, because O_TMPFILE is read as
                # O_DIRECTORY.
                pass
            # Fallback to _mkstemp_inner().

fd = None
        def opener(*args):
            nonlocal fd
            fd, name = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags, output_type)
            try:
                _os.unlink(name)
            except BaseException as e:
                _os.close(fd)
                raise
            return fd
        file = _io.open(dir, mode, buffering=buffering,
                        newline=newline, encoding=encoding, errors=errors,
                        opener=opener)
        raw = getattr(file, 'buffer', file)
        raw = getattr(raw, 'raw', raw)
        raw.name = fd
        return file

class SpooledTemporaryFile(_io.IOBase):
    """Temporary file wrapper, specialized to switch from BytesIO
    or StringIO to a real file when it exceeds a certain size or
    when a fileno is needed.
    """
    _rolled = False

def __init__(self, max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=-1,
                 encoding=None, newline=None,
                 suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, *, errors=None):
        if 'b' in mode:
            self._file = _io.BytesIO()
        else:
            encoding = _io.text_encoding(encoding)
            self._file = _io.TextIOWrapper(_io.BytesIO(),
                            encoding=encoding, errors=errors,
                            newline=newline)
        self._max_size = max_size
        self._rolled = False
        self._TemporaryFileArgs = {'mode': mode, 'buffering': buffering,
                                   'suffix': suffix, 'prefix': prefix,
                                   'encoding': encoding, 'newline': newline,
                                   'dir': dir, 'errors': errors}

__class_getitem__ = classmethod(_types.GenericAlias)

def _check(self, file):
        if self._rolled: return
        max_size = self._max_size
        if max_size and file.tell() > max_size:
            self.rollover()

def rollover(self):
        if self._rolled: return
        file = self._file
        newfile = self._file = TemporaryFile(**self._TemporaryFileArgs)
        del self._TemporaryFileArgs

pos = file.tell()
        if hasattr(newfile, 'buffer'):
            newfile.buffer.write(file.detach().getvalue())
        else:
            newfile.write(file.getvalue())
        newfile.seek(pos, 0)

self._rolled = True

# The method caching trick from NamedTemporaryFile
    # won't work here, because _file may change from a
    # BytesIO/StringIO instance to a real file. So we list
    # all the methods directly.

# Context management protocol
    def __enter__(self):
        if self._file.closed:
            raise ValueError("Cannot enter context with closed file")
        return self

def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        self._file.close()

# file protocol
    def __iter__(self):
        return self._file.__iter__()

def __del__(self):
        if not self.closed:
            _warnings.warn(
                "Unclosed file {!r}".format(self),
                ResourceWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
                source=self
            )
            self.close()

def close(self):
        self._file.close()

@property
    def closed(self):
        return self._file.closed

@property
    def encoding(self):
        return self._file.encoding

@property
    def errors(self):
        return self._file.errors

def fileno(self):
        self.rollover()
        return self._file.fileno()

def flush(self):
        self._file.flush()

def isatty(self):
        return self._file.isatty()

@property
    def mode(self):
        try:
            return self._file.mode
        except AttributeError:
            return self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']

@property
    def name(self):
        try:
            return self._file.name
        except AttributeError:
            return None

@property
    def newlines(self):
        return self._file.newlines

def readable(self):
        return self._file.readable()

def read(self, *args):
        return self._file.read(*args)

def read1(self, *args):
        return self._file.read1(*args)

def readinto(self, b):
        return self._file.readinto(b)

def readinto1(self, b):
        return self._file.readinto1(b)

def readline(self, *args):
        return self._file.readline(*args)

def readlines(self, *args):
        return self._file.readlines(*args)

def seekable(self):
        return self._file.seekable()

def seek(self, *args):
        return self._file.seek(*args)

def tell(self):
        return self._file.tell()

def truncate(self, size=None):
        if size is None:
            return self._file.truncate()
        else:
            if size > self._max_size:
                self.rollover()
            return self._file.truncate(size)

def writable(self):
        return self._file.writable()

def write(self, s):
        file = self._file
        rv = file.write(s)
        self._check(file)
        return rv

def writelines(self, iterable):
        file = self._file
        rv = file.writelines(iterable)
        self._check(file)
        return rv

def detach(self):
        return self._file.detach()

class TemporaryDirectory:
    """Create and return a temporary directory.  This has the same
    behavior as mkdtemp but can be used as a context manager.  For
    example:

with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            ...

Upon exiting the context, the directory and everything contained
    in it are removed.
    """

def __init__(self, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None,
                 ignore_cleanup_errors=False):
        self.name = mkdtemp(suffix, prefix, dir)
        self._ignore_cleanup_errors = ignore_cleanup_errors
        self._finalizer = _weakref.finalize(
            self, self._cleanup, self.name,
            warn_message="Implicitly cleaning up {!r}".format(self),
            ignore_errors=self._ignore_cleanup_errors)

@classmethod
    def _rmtree(cls, name, ignore_errors=False, repeated=False):
        def onerror(func, path, exc_info):
            if issubclass(exc_info[0], PermissionError):
                if repeated and path == name:
                    if ignore_errors:
                        return
                    raise

try:
                    if path != name:
                        _resetperms(_os.path.dirname(path))
                    _resetperms(path)

try:
                        _os.unlink(path)
                    except IsADirectoryError:
                        cls._rmtree(path, ignore_errors=ignore_errors)
                    except PermissionError:
                        # The PermissionError handler was originally added for
                        # FreeBSD in directories, but it seems that it is raised
                        # on Windows too.
                        # bpo-43153: Calling _rmtree again may
                        # raise NotADirectoryError and mask the PermissionError.
                        # So we must re-raise the current PermissionError if
                        # path is not a directory.
                        try:
                            st = _os.lstat(path)
                        except OSError:
                            if ignore_errors:
                                return
                            raise
                        if (_stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) or
                            not _stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) or
                            (hasattr(st, 'st_file_attributes') and
                             st.st_file_attributes & _stat.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT and
                             st.st_reparse_tag == _stat.IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT)
                        ):
                            if ignore_errors:
                                return
                            raise
                        cls._rmtree(path, ignore_errors=ignore_errors,
                                    repeated=(path == name))
                except FileNotFoundError:
                    pass
            elif issubclass(exc_info[0], FileNotFoundError):
                pass
            else:
                if not ignore_errors:
                    raise

_shutil.rmtree(name, onerror=onerror)

@classmethod
    def _cleanup(cls, name, warn_message, ignore_errors=False):
        cls._rmtree(name, ignore_errors=ignore_errors)
        _warnings.warn(warn_message, ResourceWarning)

def __repr__(self):
        return "<{} {!r}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

def __enter__(self):
        return self.name

def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        self.cleanup()

def cleanup(self):
        if self._finalizer.detach() or _os.path.exists(self.name):
            self._rmtree(self.name, ignore_errors=self._ignore_cleanup_errors)

__class_getitem__ = classmethod(_types.GenericAlias)

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